Schwannoma is a rare benign encapsulated nerve sheath tumor which originates from Schwann cells. Generally, schwannoma arising from lingual nerve involves the oral tongue and tongue base in the oral cavity. We report a rare case of lingual nerve schwannoma in a 16-year-old girl with complaint of right-side submandibular swelling for last 4-5 years. A diagnosis was established based on computed tomography (CT scan) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). CT scan showed tumor involving right submandibular region and superiorly reaching up to parapharyngeal space without any intraoral swelling. She underwent excision under general anesthesia (transcervical approach) without any complication. Per operatively, the tumor was found eccentrically placed with relation to the lingual nerve and lingual nerve fibers were splayed over the tumor. The final histopathological results confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma.

Incomplete obliteration of the branchial apparatus results in the formation of branchial cleft anomalies. First branchial cleft anomalies may persist anywhere in the first branchial arch, from the external auditory canal at the level of the bony cartilaginous junction to the submandibular triangle. The majority of cases present in childhood as an opening in the skin though they may present as cysts or neck masses, mostly mistaken for neck abscesses which leads to inadequate treatment and complications. Here different cases of first branchial cleft anomalies with variable presentation and treatment are illustrated. The need for proper diagnosis and adequate treatment cannot be overemphasized to avoid mismanagement and complications.

Rosai Dorfman disease is characterised by sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Here, we present a case report of 33-year female with low grade fever and multiple swellings of variable size in cervical region. Laboratory examinations showed erythrocyte sedimentation rate to be increased up to 40 mm / hour. Histopathological examination revealed a number of histiocytes containing lymphocytes and few plasma cells in their cytoplasm showing emperipolesis of plasma cells and lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for CD68 with marked sinus expansion by histiocytic cells and emperipolesis. Treatment with tapering dose of systemic corticosteroids over 1 month gave excellent results.

Mucormycosisis an opportunistic infection which is caused by fungus of the order Mucorales most common one is Rhizopus oryzae. These infections are more common in patients which are suffering from diabetes mellitus, malignancy, burn, severe trauma, malnutrition, renal failure, prolong neutropenia, immunosuppressed, long term steroid therapy or immunosuppressive therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplant and solid organ transplant recipients. Patients with serious illness are 10 times more prone to develop bacterial or fungal secondary infection than secondary viral infection.Commonest form of presentation of Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis dental pain4, dental loosening, orbital pain, facial numbness, conjunctival suffusion, diminution of vision to complete ophthalmoplegia, blindness, cavernous sinus thrombosis, multiple cranial nerve palsies, edema of eyelids orbital inflammation blepharoptosis, proptosis, acute ocular motility changes, headache and acute vision loss.Management of mucormycosiscomprises of medical and surgical management.Various surgical management are explained.

This study was conducted to evaluate the existence of otoscopic abnormality, hearing status and radiological changes in contralateral ear of patients with chronic otitis media. 300 patients having unilateral Chronic Otitis Media attending OPD in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during the period of March 2019 to March 2020 were selected. Otoscopy, Pure Tone Audiometry and Bilateral X-ray mastoids (lateral oblique view) and/or HRCT Temporal bone were done. Contralateral ear was affected in more than 30% cases. Out of 188 patients having Mucosal COM, 58 cases (30.9%) had abnormal TM. Out of 112 patients having Squamosal COM, 48 cases (42.9%) had abnormal CLE. Out of 300 cases, 231 (77.0%) of them had normal hearing in contralateral ear. It was followed by 65 cases (21.6%) with conductive hearing loss. Mixed hearing loss and SNHL were seen in 2 patients each. In contralateral ear of Mucosal COM, pneumatic pattern of pneumatisation was seen in 69.1% followed by Diploic pattern (30.9%). In squamosal COM, X-ray mastoid showed pneumatic pattern (64.3%) followed by Diploic pattern (33.9%) in the contralateral ear. Sclerotic pattern was seen in only 1.8% of cases in contralateral ear. Chronic otitis media as a disease is not limited to one ear. The precise and critical evaluation of both ears does not play a role in prognostic evaluation of the patient only, but it can also serve as a guide for early detection of probable evolution of the disease process in a patient in contralateral ear with unilateral chronic otitis media.

Fungal sinusitis has been increasing in number throughout the world off lately. The classification of fungal rhinosinusitis has evolved drastically. Broadly it is classified in two groups that is invasive fungal rhinosinusitis and non-invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. There are five subgroups to these. The invasive group comprises of acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS), chronic invasive fungal sinusitis (CIFS), chronic granulomatous invasive fungal sinusitis (CGIFS) whereas the non-invasive group consists of fungal ball and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS). These five subtypes have specific radiological and clinical features. The treatment strategies and prognoses for the subtypes are also different, and depends on their characteristics features. It is important to understand the different types of fungal sinusitis and knowledge of their particular radiologic features are important for the clinician to use appropriate diagnostic techniques for confirmation. Relevant diagnosis and initiation of adequate therapy are essential to avoid any adverse consequence.

Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) once considered a rare disease. This global rise in the burden of fungal disease is a consequence of an increment in the population with weakened immune systems. Increased life expectancy with rise in conditions like diabetes mellitus, medical advancements with invasive interventions, use of steroid, wider uses of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressive treatments for transplantation and autoimmune diseases, increased incidence of immune deficiency disease. Fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses are in fact a spectrum of diseases rather than one distinct entity. As such, there has been much published on the classification of fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS). Early classifications of FRS used the causative organism as the descriptor, i.e., aspergillosis, mucormycosis, etc. Rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment may save at least some of these patients. When fever with neutropenia and sinonasal symptoms are seen in patients with impaired immune function maintaining a high index of suspicion is essential, and the appropriate diagnostic work up should involve imaging studies and nasal endoscopy with a possible biopsy so as to initiate treatment in a timely manner. Clinical and histopathologic features of fungal rhinosinusitis are specific to each form, and criteria for diagnosis have been developed. This review of fungal sinus diseases summarizes invasive and noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis forms but concentrates on AFS because of its high prevalence and the fundamental role the allergist-immunologist plays in its diagnosis and treatment.