Selon un sondage controversé de l’Ifop, une islamisation serait à l’œuvre chez les musulmans de France. D’autres enquêtes proposent un tout autre tableau.

The Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung (BAM), in cooperation with the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), is working on a framework for integrating frequently updated structural models into an asset management process for bridge structures. A multi-span steel road bridge was selected as a test case for the development of this framework. In order for the structural model to represent the real behavior of the bridge with sufficient accuracy, model calibration is required. In this case, we have planned to calibrate the model based on the dynamic response of the bridge. To determine its dynamic properties, a multi-setup operational modal analysis was performed on one of the bridge spans. In parallel, a structural model of the span was developed based on the available design and service life information. Both eigenfrequencies and mode shapes were used as reference parameters to calibrate the model. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most influential design parameters. Subsequently, a genetic algorithm was applied for minimizing the difference between measured and simulated characteristic responses. In the proposed paper, we summarize the measurements as well as the determination of the modal response of the bridge and describe the process of calibration of the structural model using the identified dynamic response.

The Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -prufung (BAM) collaborates with TNO to develop a software framework for automated calibration of structural models based on monitoring data. The ultimate goal is to include such models in the asset management process of engineering structures. As a basis for developing the framework, a multi-span road bridge consisting of ten simply supported steel box girders was selected as a test case. Our group measured output-only vibration data from one box girder under ambient conditions. From the data, we determined eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. In parallel, we developed a preliminary structural model of the box girder for the purpose of predicting its modal properties. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the measurement campaign, the operational modal analysis, the structural modeling and qualitatively compare the identified with the predicted modes. As an outlook, we discuss the further steps in the calibration process and future applications of the calibrated model.

How are stigma processes refl ected in policies that impact migrants?How might policies that impact migrants amplify and/or mitigate stigma processes for migrants?This chapter explores the role of policy narratives and frameworks (e.g., assimilation, integration, multiculturalism) in shaping specifi c policy types (e.g., targeted, universal, mainstream) that diff erentially conceptualize and aff ect the roles, rights, and opportunities of migrants in society.The complexity of the policy-making process is examined, including the specifi c policy context and political discourse, trade-off s leading to a mix of policy types, competing policies across jurisdictions (e.g., international, federal, regional), and diff erential implementation of policies.Throughout, policies are considered that can intentionally or unintentionally generate, amplify, and/or mitigate stigma processes.In addition, this chapter examines consequences of these policy-generated stigma experiences for both migrants and nonmigrants, the feedback processes from these stigma experiences to the demand for policy change, and strategies to improve policy making with specifi c consideration for stigma in the context of migration-generated diversity.Empirical gaps in the literature are noted and recommendations are made to address these knowledge gaps.

Managing aging engineering structures requires damage identification, capacity reassessment, and prediction of remaining service life. Data from structural health monitoring (SHM) systems can be utilized to detect and characterize potential damage. However, environmental and operational variations impair the identification of damages from SHM data. Motivated by this, we introduce a Bayesian probabilistic framework for building models and identifying damage in monitored structures subject to environmental variability. The novelty of our work lies (a) in explicitly considering the effect of environmental influences and potential structural damages in the modeling to enable more accurate damage identification and (b) in proposing a methodological workflow for model-based structural health monitoring that leverages model class selection for model building and damage identification. The framework is applied to a progressively damaged reinforced concrete beam subject to temperature variations in a climate chamber. Based on deflections and inclinations measured during diagnostic load tests of the undamaged structure, the most appropriate modeling approach for describing the temperature-dependent behavior of the undamaged beam is identified. In the damaged state, damage is characterized based on the identified model parameters. The location and extent of the identified damage are consistent with the cracks observed in the laboratory. A numerical study with synthetic data is used to validate the parameter identification. The known true parameters lie within the 90% highest density intervals of the posterior distributions of the model parameters, suggesting that this approach is reliable for parameter identification. Our results indicate that the proposed framework can answer the question of damage identification under environmental variations. These findings show a way forward in integrating SHM data into the management of infrastructures.

Cet article présente la deuxième édition d’une enquête de référence sur la diversité des populations en France : l’enquête Trajectoires et Origines (TeO2), coproduite par l’Institut national d’études démographiques (Ined) et l’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee). Cette réédition, qui se place dans la continuité de TeO1, répond à des attentes renouvelées pour des données de grande ampleur permettant de mesurer l’intégration des immigré·es et de leurs descendant·es, ainsi que les discriminations qu’ils et elles ont subies. Issue d’une procédure d’échantillonnage complexe, la collecte a permis d’obtenir des informations sur 27 181 individus, représentatifs de la population résidant en France métropolitaine âgée de 18 à 59 ans, au sein desquels sont sur-échantillonné·es les immigré·es, les personnes originaires des Départements et régions d’Outre-Mer (Drom), et les enfants de ces deux groupes. Le questionnaire multithématique, effectué essentiellement en face-à-face, renseigne sur un grand nombre de sphères de la vie sociale des enquêté·es. Pour la première fois, il permet d’identifier les petits-enfants d’immigré·es.

This article presents the second edition of the Trajectories and Origins survey ( TeO2), a reference survey on population diversity in France organized jointly by the French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED) and the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE). A follow- up to TeO1, TeO2 addresses the continued demand for large-scale data to measure the integration of immigrants and their descendants, and the discrimination to which they are exposed. After a complex sampling procedure, questionnaires were completed by 27,181 individuals aged 18-59 representative of the population living in metropolitan France. Immigrants, people from the French overseas departments and regions, and the second generations of these two groups were over-represented. The multi-thematic questionnaire, administered face-to-face in most cases, covers numerous spheres of the respondents' social lives. The grandchildren of immigrants can be identified for the first time.

Infrastructure systems of industrialised countries today and in the future require efficient management with an ageing stock, increasing loads while simultaneously maintaining a high level of safety. Digital technologies offer great potential for the current and future challenges in infrastructure management. The BMBF-funded project AISTEC is investigating how the individual technologies and their interconnection can be used beneficially. With the Maintalbrucke in Gemunden as an exemplary application, sensor-based structural monitoring, image-based inspection using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) equipped with cameras and the integration of digital structural models are being implemented. The recorded images serve, among others, as basis for subsequent anomaly detection and a 3D reconstruction, which in turn are used for updating digital structural models. Continuously recorded sensor data is used to update the parameters of the structural models, which in turn provide the basis for predictive maintenance. Load tests are used to validate the models.

This article shows that differences in the economic incorporation of Muslims and other immigrant minorities in France and in Canada are mainly related to immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Differences in ethno-specific penalties due to national cultural frames — related to multiculturalism in Canada and secular republicanism in France — are small, affect only the second generation, and are related both to minority household patterns and to treatment in mainstream institutions. Using data on household incomes from two large-scale surveys (Trajectories and Origins in France 2008–2009 and the Canadian National Household Survey 2011) and taking account of cross-setting differences in Muslim and other minority origins, we model cross-generational economic trajectories reflecting the impact of immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Within this framework, we examine four ways that cultural frames may affect minority economic disadvantage: the significance of religion relative to race, citizenship access, labor market discrimination, and minority household patterns, including employment of women in couples and intergenerational cohabitation. Across all minorities, we find a striking cross-national difference in intergenerational economic trajectories: flat in France and upward in Canada, plausibly reflecting institutional differences. Net of sociodemographic controls, both religion and race matter in each setting, and net Muslim disadvantage is similar in each. Citizenship differences have little impact. Labor market earnings discrimination appears similar. A small potential effect of cultural frames appears in second-generation Muslim households: in France, lower female employment rates reduce household incomes, while in English-speaking Canada, more frequent cohabitation with more affluent parents increases household incomes. Yet even these findings do not necessarily diminish the overriding significance of immigrant selectivity, labor market structure, and welfare transfers.

Tanya Hernandez est professeure de droit à l’université Fordham à New York où elle enseigne le droit anti-discrimination comparé, la Critical Race Theory (CRT : Théorie Critique de la Race) , l’étude des biais implicites et du harcèlement sexuel. Son parcours académique est étroitement mêlé avec ses engagements militants contre le racisme anti-noir aux États-Unis et en Amérique latine. Elle vient de publier Racial Innocence : Unmasking Latino Anti-Black Bias and The Struggle for Equality 1 où elle explore les racines et expressions du racisme anti-noir dans les milieux latinos. Mouvements l’a rencontré pour parler de l’actualité de la Critical Race Theory, ses potentialités au service de l’émancipation et des attaques dont elle fait l’objet avec la réaction trumpiste.