The hasty progression in telecommunication industry on the route to the sixth generation (6G) introduces stringent necessities for durable photonic fronthaul communication networks. In this study, a photonic 100-Gbps centered passive optical network (100G-PON) transmission approach is presented for 6G fronthaul that leverages millimeter wave. A progressive digital procedure Dual-Polarization 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (DP-16-QAM) is used to strengthen 6G fronthaul performance twice under dense collision whereas, heterodyne technique is employed via signal synthesis to generate 160GHz. The outcomes are observed in an optical band analyzer to validate the sub-THz spectrum, error vector magnitude (EVM), Q-factor and diminish the phase error rate for X-Y polarizer.

Multiband optical communication is a promising solution for increasing the fiber capacity and efficiently utilizing the available bandwidth of the deployed optical fiber. This paper proposes a hybrid fiber architecture combining ITUT G655 and OFS True Wave Ocean XL, which outperforms ITUT G652b for multiband communication across the O, E, S, C, and L bands. Leveraging the complementary dispersion slopes, the proposed combination of fibers compensates for the dispersion of each other over a large bandwidth. A simulation setup of 461 × 10 Gbps channels with channel spacing of 0.8 nm is considered with fiber span of 90 km. The ITUT G652b based system gives the acceptable Q-factor above 6 dB with a received power of about − 30dBm in all bands except the L-band due to its high dispersion ( 20 ps/nm/km). In contrast, the proposed architecture shows the effectiveness of multiband optical communication by achieving a Q-factor above 6dB for all bands including O, E, S, C, and L achieving a total channel capacity of 4.61 Tbp/s. The proposed method outperforms the system based on ITUT G652b.

Dynamic burst size selection is a challenging process in the optical burst switching (OBS) networks for efficient burst assembly. In this manuscript, a dynamic burst-size assembly approach is proposed to standardize the data burst size in OBS networks. The proposed approach utilizes hysteresis properties in the burst size decider module (BSDM) to decide the data burst size. The inculcation of the dynamic burst assembly algorithm (DBAA) focuses on the nonlinear features to handle the blocking problem during the burst assembly process. DBAA involves a priority evaluator mechanism to determine the importance of each incoming packet at the ingress node. This provides a dynamic decision-making strategy to standardize the data burst size with change in transition count number (TCN). The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated on the self-similar traffic model with burstiness, ranging from H = 0.5-0.7. The experimental results show a decrease in the average queuing delay by 14.59% and an improved average burst utilization by 23.36% compared with the hybrid (time/length) approach. However, the proposed DBAA attains better burst utilization with a significant reduction in queuing delay. Furthermore, the consistency value of burst sizes indicates that DBAA performs better in terms of burst utilization than existing approaches.

In this paper, the hexagonal-shaped single-patch antenna and its 10 × 10 massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna array are proposed for wireless network applications. A polyimide, with a dielectric constant of 3.5 and thickness of 0.007 mm, is used as a substrate material. The rectangular microstrip patch antenna used to create the massive MIMO antenna array which is incredibly small in size having 0.0792 mm × 0.15 mm × 0.007 mm dimensions. Several performance metrics are computed for resonating frequency, including reflection coefficient, antenna gain, bandwidth, VSWR, antenna efficiency, ECC, and gain diversity. The proposed massive MIMO antenna array has a return loss of less than − 10 dB and covers an extensive bandwidth of 67.5 GHz. Over this bandwidth, the proposed array has a maximum attainable antenna gain of 20.8 dB with 86

This article presents hybridization of data signal at the sub-terahertz (sub-THz) band and power signal together upon single mode fiber with concern of 6G fronthaul. Emerging technologies power signal and data at THzspectrum over same fiber, makes it innovative under 6G domains. It offers novel fronthaul structure to serve applications like holographic-communication, quantum-computing, wide-bandwidth, reliability, sensing & imaging, etc. Digital technique dual-polarization 16-quadrature amplitude modulation(DP-16QAM) is used at 100Gbps passive optical network(100G-PON) that sends the data signal by a sub-THz spectrum that gives speed to the signal whereas power signal is examined at 100mW-1000mW that increase the energy efficiency at wavelength 850 nm. The wavelength plan 1340-1344 nm is used for transmission under the international telecommunication union-telecommunications(ITU-T) standard series-G.9804. Dense wavelength division multiplexing(DWDM) architecture is used to send the data signal at 160 GHz that presents sub-THz over fiber. To generate sub-THz, heterodyne modulation technique is used. The outcomes are examined and validated with help of error vector magnitude(EVM) near 4 %, error-rate around 10- 8 to 10-14, dots on the constellation figure for X and Y-polarization, as well as noise that shows together that proposed architecture can be compatible towards 6G fronthaul networks. PoF decreases complexities and installation cost of 6G fronthaul networks, and energy consumption and reduces maintenance expenses of PON extenders. It enhances signal-recovery and boosts signal in remote area which makes it fascinating. Apart from thigh-speed data reception, a sufficient power level is received at receiver side which can power antenna units and IoT devices.

This study introduces the use of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors to measure strain in civil structures. The research involves two metal rods: one in a non-corroded condition and the other deliberately corroded using synthetic chemicals. To simulate the corrosion process, a solution was prepared using white vinegar (4 teaspoons), freshly prepared 3% hydrogen peroxide, and table salt (1.5 teaspoons). The experimental results revealed that the non-corroded rod experienced a maximum wavelength shift of 5 nm under a 60 kN load. In contrast, the corroded rod exhibited a wavelength shift of 4.9 nm when subjected to a 30 kN load.

A general framework for performance analysis of error probability over the fluctuating two ray (FTR) fading model with maximal ratio combining (MRC) receive diversity is presented in this paper. The probability density function (PDF) of FTR fading model with MRC is derived by using characteristic function method. Furthermore, the PDF approach is used to formulate the generalized average bit error rate (ABER) expression in closed-form. These generalized expressions are relevant for various modulation schemes for L branches of diversity receivers. The expressions of ABER for coherent modulation schemes with MRC diversity are derived by employing the tight, simple, and accurate approximation of the complementary error function. The calculated results are found to be close and accurate. The expressions of ABER for non-coherent modulation schemes with MRC diversity are calculated in exact closed-form. The validity of obtained expressions is verified with the special cases of FTR model exist in the literature. The main focus of the work is on how the MRC diversity elevates the reliability in communication by diminishing the channel fluctuations due to fading.

Background: Optical transport has emerged as a candidate solution to cope with the rising data transmission challenges of enormously evolving data. In Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks, determining an adaptive burst size is a difficult task that must be performed efficiently during burst assembling. Methods: This research proposes a hybrid burst assembly algorithm that determines the optimal burst size during the burst creation time. The proposed algorithm uses the Transition Count Number (TCN) based method to maintain the optimal burst size when the incoming traffic is unpredictable. The efficiency of the proposed approach is investigated in terms of queuing delay, burst utilization, burst size, and burst size consistency. Findings: Three types of traffic variations (H = 0.5, H = 0.6, and H = 0.7) are imposed to evaluate the performance of the proposed burst assembly approach. As compared to the E-hybrid (time/length) strategy, the research outcomes demonstrate a 13.15% reduction in average queuing latency and a 21.26% improvement in average burst utilization. Novelty: A new burst assembly approach (hybrid burst assembly) has been proposed for OBS networks. Keywords: Burst assembly, Optical Burst Switching (OBS), burstification, burst consistency

A rectangular shape patch antenna and a 2×2 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) array are designed for 5G wireless applications. To design this patch antenna, a polyimide substrate is used which has a 3.5 dielectric constant and 0.05 mm height. The small-sized patch element having dimensions of 0.08mm×1.1mm×0.05mm is used to develop the MIMO antenna array. The antenna performance parameters including bandwidth, reflection coefficient, VSWR, antenna gain and directivity are analysed. The intended MIMO array has a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB and resonates for two frequencies: 0.778 THz, and 1.095 THz. The developed MIMO array has a maximum possible antenna gain and directivity of 8.203 dB and 8.648 dB respectively and VSWR below 2 for the resonant frequency. The developed MIMO antenna array might be appropriate for various THz applications because of its upgraded qualities.

Abstract The exponential growth in demand for high-capacity optical systems has driven the advancement of advanced modulation formats to upgrade transmission capacity and transmission quality. Effective fault diagnosis and self-configuration in inter-satellite optical wireless communication systems (IsOWCS) depend intensely on the generated data. Machine learning (ML) approaches offer promising solutions in evaluating the execution of these networks. In this study, a dataset was created using OptiSystem 18.0. The dataset was composed of various modulation formats such as duobinary, return-to-zero (RZ), non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 33 % RZ, chirped NRZ, vestigial sideband (VSB) NRZ, carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ), and VSB CSRZ. The classification of modulation formats has been presented in this study using ML. The dataset was created by varying input power from 0 to 20 dBm and evaluating parameters such as Q factor, input/output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), power, range, eye closure, amplitude, height, eye opening, output OSNR. Four ML classifiers were used to predict the classification of different modulation formats. Random forest (RF) classifier performed exceptionally well and achieved 100 % accuracy. Moreover, an interactive user-friendly web page was also developed using Anvil for modulation format classification. The proposed research underscores the significance of selecting the appropriate modulation format to optimize the performance and transmission distance of IsOWCS, subsequently enhancing the operation of high-speed optical communication systems.

Innovative designs of daylighting systems effectively use solar energy and can redefine how we bring light to interiors. However, the daylighting devices fail to meet the desired lighting levels under a cloudy sky. An alternative illumination source is always desirable in order to have uninterrupted lighting levels for the visual performance of occupants. This work demonstrates a hybrid illumination method using an efficient tubular skylight design integrated with a solar panel system for solar-powered electric lighting. The position and orientation of the solar panel mounted on the daylight collector give a compact design and ensure unblocked passage for daylighting under low altitude sun. The LEDs mounted on the periphery of the exit aperture of the mirror light pipe can be turned on and dimmed through closed-loop control when daylight illuminance is inadequate. The proposed hybrid illumination system was simulated under beam sunlight and compared with a conventional tubular skylight system with a hemispherical transparent dome as a daylight collector for lighting performance. Simulation results show that the illuminance value obtained by the proposed daylight collector design was at least twice that of the conventional design light output under low altitude sun while delivering controlled light levels during the summer mid-day sun. The uniformity ratio for the entire floor ranged from 0.43 to 0.59, indicating a moderately even light distribution. Under a combination of an overcast sky and an artificial light source (LED), the luminous flux entering the room was 3220 lumens, and the average illuminance on the work plane was 192 lux. A power backup of 10.7 h, 10.15 h, and 6.4 h was concluded for a 20-W LED ( 2000 lm) light source due to the beam sunlight incident on the solar panel system on 21st June, 23rd September and 21st December, respectively, assuming clear sky conditions.

A carefully designed daylight collector for a tubular skylight is necessary to serve the occupants’ illumination needs under the dynamic trajectory of the sun. This work simulated an improved configuration of a passive daylight collector comprising parabolic and conical reflectors in a modeled room using the lighting software tool TracePro. Results indicated that the lighting performance of the proposed design configuration was significantly enhanced under low altitude sun in comparison with conventional tubular skylights (with revolved parabolic and cylindrical reflectors) [Light. Res. Technol. 52, 495 (2020)10.1177/1477153519872794] and hemispherical transparent dome as daylight collectors by more than ∼30%−40% and ∼110%−130%, respectively.

A tubular daylight guidance system (TDGS) effectively transports natural sunlight into the building interiors. It mainly consists of three parts viz. daylight collector, light-guiding tube with mirror lining on the interior surface also called mirror light pipe (MLP), and a diffuser. The system is passive, i.e. there are no tracking devices. In this paper, two configurations of TDGS setups consisting of a hemispherical transparent dome as daylight collectors integrated with six-meter-long cylindrical MLP and cylindrical MLP with a tapered neck were simulated for their lighting performance in a building. Simulation studies were performed using the lighting software tool Tracepro. The photometric analysis was done separately under direct components of sunlight and diffuse skylight for various timings on 21 June and 21 December. Results indicated that the lighting performance of the proposed design configuration having cylindrical MLP with a tapered neck was significantly enhanced on 21 December in comparison to the conventional daylight collector set up by more than 50

Communication, involving voice, video, text, and data, requires expanding bandwidth capacity. Optical wireless communication (OWC), particularly free space optics and visible light communication (VLC), offers higher data transfer rates by using optical signals instead of physical cables. The performance of a VLC system is largely influenced by factors like link distance, transmitter and irradiance angles, detection area, optical concentration, and incidence angle. However, accurately predicting system performance in real-world conditions is difficult. The same components may perform optimally in one setup but fail in others, resulting in inconsistent outcomes across different link lengths and receiver configurations. To overcome this challenge, we propose a machine learning-based prediction model that evaluates system feasibility based on these known parameters. To address this, a machine learning-based model is proposed, using synthetic data from Optisystem and training various algorithms. An artificial neural network (ANN) achieved 95

Study offers the idea of utilizing machine-learning (ML) to forecast performance of a 50G-WDM-PON based on dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder-Modulator. Millimeter wave-over-fiber is also introduced with dual-parallel MZM based 50G-WDM-PON network by combining the benefits of millimeter wave and fiber-optic. Machine learning uses data-driven algorithms to extract patterns and relationships from previous network performance data. The numerical simulation is investigated with machine learning model to predict the performance of the signal in terms of Q-factor and error rate. ML model provides good accuracy of greater than 75%. Only one logistic model offers less than 90%. Findings show successful performance parameters using ML.

A novel star-shaped microstrip patch antenna for terahertz frequency applications is presented in this research. It does a thorough examination of the antenna’s performance, taking into account important factors as gain, VSWR, directivity, total bandwidth coverage, along with return loss. A $70 \mu \mathrm{~m}$-thick polyimide substrate with a lower dielectric constant of 3.5 is used in the antenna’s design. The connection among the source and patch of the proposed antenna is facilitated by a thin microstrip line. Operating in the frequency range of 0.959 to 1.296 THz, the proposed antenna has a total bandwidth of 0.337 THz, having its resonance frequencies around 0.991,1.106, and 1.210 THz, in that order. It also achieves 9.82 dBi of directivity and an overall gain about 8.50 dB within its frequency range.