The purpose of this research is the ex-post evaluation of the efficiency of agricultural development projects for the period 2000-2009. The analysis had been based upon a random sample of 244 agricultural perimeters spread over 15 departments among which 75 perimeters are located in the mountainous zone, 98 in the steppe zone and 51 in the Sahara zone. The DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method had been used to calculate the efficiency of development projects. The selected outputs represent the number of developed hectares, and the number of created jobs, the input, will be represented by the total amount of expenses. The analysis uses an output-oriented approach with either constant or variable scale models. Our analysis shows that only the 9 perimeters (3 in the mountains, 4 in the steppe and 2 in the Sahara) which have reached the DEA efficiency boundary, are operating at their optimal scale. The results have proved that although the efficiency has a low score for the three agro-ecological zones, they can reach an increase in production of about 77% and 62 % on average, depending on whether we suppose the constant or the variation in return having better use of the invested capital and higher returns.

Algerian farms are faced with significant financing difficulties, which considerably limit their production capacity. Their difficulty in accessing bank credit is largely due to the unavailability of reliable information on their financial situation and their low repayment rate. In 2011, to reverse the trend and facilitate farmers' access to bank credit, the public authorities have revisited the use of the interest rate subsidy by setting up in favor of farmers a fully subsidized investment loan called Ettahadi. However, public intervention in the credit system through the subsidy has had very little effect on the demand for finance and a mixed effect on actual access to credit. The results of a survey conducted among a representative sample of farmers in the wilaya of Laghouat as well as the analysis of data from the Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development show that the management of credit risk and its profitability objectives have pushed this public bank to adopt an organizational form that limits the distribution of credit.

Les exploitations agricoles algériennes sont confrontées à d’importantes difficultés de financement qui limitent considérablement leur capacité de production. Leur difficulté d’accès au crédit bancaire est due en grande partie à l’indisponibilité d’informations fiables sur leur situation financière et à leur faible taux de remboursement. Pour inverser la tendance et faciliter l’accès des exploitants agricoles au crédit bancaire, les pouvoirs publics ont revisité l’usage de la bonification des taux d’intérêts en mettant en place pour eux en 2011 un crédit d’investissement totalement bonifié appelé Ettahadi . Cependant, l’intervention publique dans le système de crédit, à travers la bonification, n’a eu qu’un très faible effet sur la demande de financement et un effet mitigé sur l’accès effectif au crédit. Les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès d’un échantillon représentatif d’agriculteurs de la wilaya de Laghouat ainsi que l’analyse des données de la Banque de l’agriculture et du développement rural montrent que la gestion du risque de crédit et les objectifs de rentabilité ont poussé cette banque publique à adopter une forme organisationnelle qui limite la distribution de crédit.

Today, investors want a larger visible on the validity of time limits and potential financial losses. The study concerns the risk analysis of agricultural projects. On a sample of project achieving enterprises working in area, belonging to three zones: mountain, steppe, and desert, a qualitative analysis made to assess the severity of the causes of risks and a quantitative analysis made on several simulations during the achievement of the project by random edition ( type Monte Carlo simulation leading to cumulated probability distributions, it will result in a classification of potential risks and an assessment of contingency reserves for risks ( time limits, cost ) for parts of works of the project. This article concludes that the formalization and use of the risk practice the development project increase the predictability of results and enrich the knowledge of participants. Key words: Agricultural project risk, Monte Carlo, classification of risks, contingency reserves

Algeria is among the most water-stressed countries in the world. Because of its climatic conditions, irrigation is essential for agricultural production. Water prices paid by farmers in public irrigation districts are very low and do not cover the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of the irrigated perimeters, thus leading to the deterioration of these infrastructures. The objective of this paper is to analyse whether farmer’s in the West Mitidja irrigation district in northern Algeria would be willing to pay more for surface water in order to maintain the water supply service in its current conditions. We estimated farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for water using data from a dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey to 112 randomly selected farmers. Farmers’ responses were modelled using logistic regression techniques. We also analysed which technical, structural, social and economic characteristics of farms and farmers explain the differences in WTP. Our results showed that nearly 80% of the surveyed farmers are willing to pay an extra price for irrigation water. The average WTP was 64% greater than the price currently paid by farmers, suggesting some scope for improving the financial resources of the Mitidja irrigated perimeter, but insufficient to cover all O&M costs. Some of the key identified factors that affect WTP for surface water relate to farm ownership, access to groundwater resources, cropping patterns, farmers’ agricultural training and risk exposure.

Pluriactivity is a widespread phenomenon that has been credited for helping the survival as well as the demise of the rural farm. Given the prevalence of poverty in rural areas, farmers have always relied on non-farm income to survive. But the recent shrinking of rural areas has also raised the question of whether pluriactivity has helped the disappearance of farms. This paper explores four main determinants of pluriactivity and extends prior work by considering their relation to the neoclassical and portfolio theories. The context is that of a developing country as the existing literature has so far largely neglected this phenomenon within developing countries. We empirically test a set of four hypotheses drawn both from theory and prior empirical work.

Ces dernieres annees en Algerie, d’importants investissements dans les infrastructures de mobilisation, d’adduction et de distribution de l’eau ont ete realises (barrages, transferts et dessalement de l’eau de mer). Cet article presente une analyse du budget d’equipement destine au secteur des ressources en eau a partir de 1990. Les resultats de notre analyse montrent d’abord une sous consommation du budget a partir de l’annee 2000, due aux faibles capacites d’absorption du secteur, ensuite l’accaparement par le sous-secteur de l’AEP/adduction de la part la plus importante avec une moyenne de 56% (2005-2013) de la consommation totale du secteur. Le developpement de l’AEP/adduction s’est fait au detriment des autres sous-secteurs, notamment celui de l’irrigation qui n’a beneficie que de 4% des depenses globales.Mots cles: Budget d’equipement, Secteur de l’hydraulique, AlgerieJEL Classification : H61, Q25, Q28

The restructuring of agriculture, in place since 1980, has led to a social recomposition of farms especially in irrigated areas. Such recomposition is based on different access to production resources and social opportunities. Our paper analyzes the social forms in agriculture through the case study of Mitidja plain. The type of farms allows to identify five main forms of agriculture: entrepreneurial family farming, commercial vegetable family farming, subsistance farming (the prevailing one), semi-collective agriculture on state-owned land based on fruit cropping and small-scale agriculture specialised in fruit tree cropping. This socioeconomic heterogeinity does not hide the heavy trend towards the concentration of production resources in the hands of a few farmers.

En Algerie, l’entrepreneuriat feminin est faible malgre la politique volontariste de l’Etat pour booster l’activite feminine qui se trouve etre la plus faible dans le Maghreb. Seulement 5 % des entrepreneurs sont de sexe feminin au niveau national. Dans la wilaya de Djelfa, ou se situe notre recherche, ce taux est que de 0,6 %. L’enquete menee dans cette wilaya revele que seulement 8% des projets accordes par les structures publiques d’aide a l’entrepreneuriat (ANSEJ, CNAC, ANDI) l’ont ete a des femmes. Il n’y a qu’a l’agence pour le micro credit (ANGEM) que les femmes sont majoritaires (76,7 % des projets finances par cette institution).En plus de cette faiblesse dans le nombre, les femmes s’orientent majoritairement vers les secteurs traditionnellement feminins prolongeant ainsi un savoir faire deja acquis dans le domaine domestique.. Enfin, les femmes entrepreneurs enquetees disent rencontrer des difficultes pour commercialiser leur production, pour obtenir des credits bancaires et pour trouver des locaux professionnels a un prix abordable. Last but not the least, elles signalent les difficultes de concilier les activites domestiques et la gestion de leur projet. Mots clefs: Entreprenariat feminin, Djelfa, Investissement, Micro credit, Developpement social

francaisLes restructurations de l’agriculture, conduites depuis 1980, ont entraine une re- configuration sociale des exploitations agricoles, plus particulierement dans les territoires irrigues. Cette recomposition se fonde sur les differences d’acces aux ressources productives et aux opportunites sociales. Pour verifier cela, notre arti- cle analyse, a travers une etude de cas dans la plaine de la Mitidja, les formes so- ciales agricoles constituees. La typologie des systemes d’exploitation permet d’i- dentifier cinq formes principales: une agriculture familiale entrepreneuriale, une agriculture familiale maraichere marchande, une agriculture familiale atomisee de survie (qui est predominante), une agriculture residuelle du systeme semi-collectif sur les terres etatiques basee sur l'arboriculture fruitiere et une petite agriculture individuelle specialisee aussi dans l’arboriculture fruitiere. Cette heterogeneite so- cioeconomique ne cache pas, toutefois, la tendance lourde vers la concentration des ressources productives dans les mains d’une minorite d’agriculteurs. EnglishThe restructuring of agriculture, in place since 1980, has led to a social recomposition of farms especially in irrigated areas. Such recomposition is based on different access to production resources and social opportunities. Our paper analyzes the social forms in agriculture through the case study of Mitidja plain. The type of farms allows to identify five main forms of agriculture: entrepreneurial family farming, commercial vegetable family farming, subsistance farming (the prevailing one), semi-collective agriculture on state-owned land based on fruit cropping and small-scale agriculture specialised in fruit tree cropping. This socioeconomic heterogeinity does not hide the heavy trend towards the concentration of production resources in the hands of a few farmers.

Abstract Agriculture and rurality have come under severe pressure in the last few decades. The loss of agricultural land and, hence, farming, through urban expansion has been pervasive. As a consequence, farmers tend to engage in pluriactivity to supplement their low farm income. This study explores the pervasiveness and underlying motivation behind pluriactivity by Algerian farmers. Algeria is a particularly interesting case where agriculture has been hit by severe and unique challenges. In particular, Algerian farmers spent more than a decade under the threat of terrorism, followed by a decade and a half of Dutch disease effects. The analysis of a survey data shows that pluriactivity has offered the Algerian farmer the required adaptation capability to survive these two challenges which, ultimately, would sustain agriculture in Algeria.

Les cooperatives agricoles de services, creees depuis les annees soixante a l'initiative de l’Etat, sont dissoutes en 1987 et leur patrimoine affecte a de nouvelles cooperatives. Ce travail montre – sur l'exemple des cooperatives de la wilaya de Blida – que ces nouvelles cooperatives ont presque toutes disparu un quart de siecle apres. Celles qui subsistent respectent peu la reglementation les regissant – du fait que l’administration agricole n’assure pas la tutelle qu’elle devrait exercer sur elles -, ne regroupent en fait qu'un petit nombre de societaires, ne fournissent a leurs clients qu'un faible nombre de produits et de services, ne distribuent jamais les excedents realises. La faible participation des societaires dans leur vie fait que, souvent, ces cooperatives envoient le signal qu’elles ne doivent leur perennite qu’a l’interet de leurs dirigeants. Malgre le manque de democratie dans leur gestion, une majorite des societaires des cooperatives enquetees se declare satisfaite de leur fonctionnement tout en declarant, paradoxalement, etre peu interessee par les affaires de ces institutions. Mots cles: Cooperatives agricoles, Agriculture, Institutions agricoles, Services agricoles

EnglishThis work discusses the employment of women in public institutions managing the water sector in Algeria and the causes of their under-representation in decision-making positions. Data collection analysis shows that women form only 15% of the total workforce and they are relatively better represented among middle managers but very few in higher positions (senior managers). The results of the opinion survey among a representative sample of women managers show that nearly two thirds of respondents (61%) find that men are promoted faster than women and 12% of respondents say that being a woman has reduced and decreased their chances of getting a higher position. francaisCe travail rend compte de l'emploi des femmes dans les institutions publiques gerant le secteur de l'hydraulique en Algerie et des causes de leur sous-representation dans les postes de decision. Le recueil des donnees et leur analyse montrent que les femmes ne forment que 15 % des effectifs totaux et qu'elles sont relativement mieux representees parmi les cadres moyens mais tres peu chez les cadres superieurs. Les resultats de l�enquete d'opinion effectuee aupres d'un echantillon representatif des femmes cadres montrent que pres de deux tiers des enquetees (61%) constatent qu�un homme est plus rapidement promu qu�une femme et 12 % affirment que le fait d�etre femme a diminue leurs chances d�acceder a un poste superieur.

This work discusses the employment of women in public institutions managing the water sector in Algeria and the causes of their under-representation in decision-making positions. Data collection analysis shows that women form only 15% of the total workforce and they are relatively better represented among middle managers but very few in higher positions (senior managers). The results of the opinion survey among a representative sample of women managers show that nearly two thirds of respondents (61%) find that men are promoted faster than women and 12% of respondents say that being a woman has reduced and decreased their chances of getting a higher position.

An integrated fisheries management tool based on a bio-economic model was applied to the small pelagics (sardine) fishery in central Algeria (Mediterranean Sea). The basic bio-economic conditions of the fishery were established and relevant biological and economic indicators were analysed under different management scenarios defined by changes on fleet capacity and daily fishing time. The results show that the fishery is subject to high fishing pressure (1,548 units in 1990 and 4,445 units in 2007) (Maouel, 2003, Medrous, 2013) and current government policies aiming to increase fishing capacity (1,493 new units are projected for 2025) (MPRH, 2008) would likely worsen the conservation status of the resource, without contributing to a significant volume of catches or economic profits. Instead, a reduction of daily fishing time would allow decreasing the fishing mortality, without significantly reducing the total production or profits of the fishery to the current fleet. However, the short-term loss faced by the industry is a major constraint towards the acceptability of this type of management measures by the fishing sector.