Com base em dados do Inquérito à Fecundidade, 2019, pretendeu-se caraterizar e comparar os percursos parentais e conjugais dos pais e das mães com filhos não residentes menores de 18 anos, assim como compreender se as inter-relações entre estes elementos das suas biografias formam diferentes perfis de parentalidade não residente. A análise bivariada mostrou que os percursos e os núcleos familiares das mães e dos pais são diversos, distintos e, ao mesmo tempo, semelhantes entre si. A análise de correspondência múltiplas revelou três perfis de parentalidade não residente: o dos coabitantes, o dos que não viveram em conjugalidade e o dos casados.

Objective Examine and compare the attitudes of women and men in different age groups toward types of children's residence after divorce/separation, considering their attitudes toward the division of labor in the family (DLF). Background This study draws on a multidimensional approach to attitudinal change in DLF and in the division of parental involvement after divorce/separation. Empirically, it benefits from new measures on fatherhood and motherhood and population‐based data. Method The authors draw on the 2012 Portuguese ISSP module by focusing on three dimensions: types of children's residence; men's involvement in parenting and homemaking; and women's employment and primacy as caregivers. They examine the interplay between attitudinal, family, and sociodemographic variables through regression, multiple correspondence, and cluster analyzes. Results The attitudes to DLF strongly shape the attitudes toward the type of children's residence, which contribute to polarization between preferences for sole residence and shared residence. Also, three attitudinal profiles— unilateral egalitarian familism , egalitarian familism , and mother‐centered familism —revealed attitudinal hybridization through the complex combination of egalitarianism, essentialism and familism, and their embeddedness in social contexts. Conclusion By moving beyond the nuclear family and by combining standard and innovative attitudinal indicators of DLF, the findings shed light on the social processes that are creating complexity and plurality in the attitudes toward cultural models of motherhood and fatherhood.

The article explores the practices and subjective meanings that allocate parenting time and its influence in shaping parental roles, identity and the relationship with the child both among separated mothers and fathers, and in divorce law. Drawing on an online survey, results reveal that the law preserves the use of gender to allocate parental time in the regime of residence and contact. In this regime, resident mothers experience the interplay between affective and identity gratification, and parental overload. Instead, nonresident fathers cope with parental deprivation and submission to traditional fathering. In the regime of shared residence, parents are engaged both in equal parenting and in the challenges of adjusting different parenting styles, which are not always accepted by the law.

Work-life balance of couples with young children is a recurrent topic in Portuguese policy since the 1974 Revolution, which led to a growing promotion of the dual-earner/dual-carer model within an inclusive gender equality agenda. Drawing on the analysis of Portuguese family policies evolution, quantitative data (official statistics and ISSP 2012) and on the narratives of two dual-earner/ dual carer couples, we depict the exogenous and endogenous forces that are driving a less uneven work-life balance, but also gender ambivalences that are slowing down the pace towards equal sharing of home production and parenting for men and women. Results show that public and private spheres are becoming less gendered, owing to the strong commitment of women with full-time paid-work and to the increasing involvement of men in early childcare, and this comes along with a new sense of entitlement, for men and women, to negotiate gender roles in family life. On the other hand, they show that even if gender equality as a societal desideratum is a pervasive norm for young generations, and even if it´s evident the developing shift towards more equal sharing patterns among young dual-earner/ dual-carer couples, ambivalences regarding gender roles in mothering and fathering (and inherent gender privileges) are operating as a reflex of an incomplete revolution in Portuguese society.

O artigo examina as práticas e os significados subjetivos que dividem o tempo parental e como estes moldam papéis parentais, identidades e a relação com a criança quer nas experiências de mães e pais separados, quer na aplicação da Lei do Divórcio N.º 61/2008. Com base num inquérito online, revela-se que a lei é resistida e manteve o uso do género para alocar tempo parental no regime de residência e contacto. Neste, as mães residentes vivem a relação entre a gratificação afetiva e identitária e a sobrecarga parental. Ao invés, os pais não residentes lidam com a privação parental e a submissão à paternidade tradicional. No regime de residência alternada abraça-se a partilha parental e os desafios da concertação educativa, nem sempre aceites na aplicação da Lei.

This article explores the components and the plurality of everyday parenting among separated mothers and fathers. Drawing on an online survey of 114 mothers and fathers, it presents a topological analysis of mothers’ and fathers’ childrearing activities and decision making; unilateral, parallel, and negotiated relationships; residence and contact; and legal orders. The findings revealed 5 mothering and fathering patterns: unilateral, traditional residential, and interchangeable mothering, and involved nonresidential and interchangeable fathering. They disclose the relational and gendered structures of motherhood and fatherhood practice and social representation that are shaping postseparation parenting within the legal framework of shared parenting.

Due to the reinforcement of processes of informalization and individualization in conjugality and in parenthood in the last decades, nowadays sole parenting has a higher incidence in family trajectories and represents a greater diversity of lone experiences of parenting and co-parenting. In this communication, we characterize sole parent families in the 2011 Portuguese Census and identify continuities and changes in sole parenting of children under 18 in the last two decades. The analysis shows that, in 2011, the number of sole parent families increased, especially the families with children under 18. The co-residence of sole parents with close family members remains high, although the co-residence only with their children continues to grow. The high prevalence of sole mother families over sole father families remains the same. Conjugal dissolution has become the main path to sole parenting, to the detriment of widowhood, which has become minor. There was an increase in sole parents schooling, but only about half have study up to the 3 rd cycle. The employment rate in these families remains high, but they are more affected by unemployment than the active population in general. Thus, alongside the growth of a pattern of medium or highly educated, autonomous and independent sole parenthood, in residential and economic terms, the analysis reveals the persistence of another pattern lacking these features, and therefore a more vulnerable one.

The division of paid and unpaid work within couples with children is becoming more balanced in Portuguese society, although this is a slow, gradual and partial process. As a matter of fact, the growth of female employment, the emergence of new parental models and of family policies that endorse gender equality have been insufficient to do away with the imbalances between men and women in family life. The processes that structure the persistence of inequalities in the families with children are already well known, but those that depict equality have received little attention. In this paper, based on a case study, we highlight the social processes that underlie the negotiation of gender equality in the family. Drawing on the perspectives and practices of both partners in a couple with a toddler, we investigate the negotiation of equality in the construction of conjugal and parental roles and identities; and in the division of paid and unpaid (house chores and childcare) work. Different social and biographical times are taken into account: the beginning of conjugal life; the transition to parenthood and present family life; the families of origin’ socialization models. The case study shows ICS WORKING PAPERS 2013 4 that the construction of gender equality within the couple is shaped by the articulation between structural, institutional and interactional factors: the family-friendly and equality endorsing contexts; the daily negotiation of equal sharing strategies in conjugal and parental cooperation; the active inclusion of men in childcare and in the production of family life; the search for balance between gender equality and the uneven volumes of structural and individual resources within the couple. This research is integrated in an international project that aims to identify similarities in the norms, practices and contexts that generate equal sharing in families in different cultures. Key-words: gender equality, reconciliation of work and family, conjugal negotiation, shared parenting, division of paid and unpaid work. ICS WORKING PAPERS 2013 5 Negotiating gender equality in conjugal life and parenthood in Portugal: a case study

The main aim of this article is to understand how men living in couples with young children construct their roles and identities as fathers in the context of different types of family functioning. To explore this issue, our analytical framework examines the dynamics of fathering and of family functioning, thereby focusing on the interrelationships between men as fathers, partners and breadwinners. Drawing on data from a qualitative study carried out in 2005-2006 in Portugal, the article shows a diversity of fatherhood patterns. Joint and supportive fatherhood emerge within the framework of fusional dynamics, while disengaged fatherhood is connected to gender-differentiated autonomy. Four other patterns were found to be linked to the various forms of the modern “associative” family identified in this study. Equal fatherhood emerges in couples whose practices closely match the ideals of gender equality and individual autonomy, whereas appropriative, time-condensed and stay-at-home patterns of fatherhood are connected to different forms of “gender unequal” associative couples.

Published in 1957, Young and Willmott's classic study (1987 [1957]) represents an important theoretical shift within sociology of the family by going beyond the focus on the conjugal family which was then predominant . From the 1950 's onwards, other studies on kinship relationships, as well as changes in family organization and individual life styles, also encouraged new outlooks. Contrary to the thesis of the nuclear family 's isolation predicted by Parsons (Parsons and Bales, 1955), couples were found to be well embedded in wider networks of kinship ties providing financial, material and emotional support as well as day to day sociability. ) The conjugal dyad emerged as a small, albeit fundamental, part of a larger primary social unit (Pina-Cabral, 1991), making it difficult to capture interpersonal relationships by looking at the household unit . On the other hand, demographic, gender and family changes underlined the vulnerability of the conjugal bond as an institution . As divorce, remarriage, cohabitation and gay or lesbian family arrangements increased, they helped to draw attention to the pluralisation of family forms and the fluidity of relationships, as against the ideas of rigid, codified and unbreakable family ties. Approaches focusing on family change have therefore emphasized the plurality of family life in advanced modernity, also stressing the new individualism operating in relationship formation and connectedness to others . However, the search for self-fulfilment and individual autonomy does not necessarily lead to infinite possibilities for family forms and relationships . Even though individualization is a strong trend, as Elias (1993) emphasizes, its definition points