Introduction:The spleen is the largest hemolymphatic organ of the human body that plays a significant role in Hematopoiesis and immune phagocytosis. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of spleen as hematopoietic organ in fetal period, role in synthesis of immunoglobulins & defense of human body against infections. A thorough knowledge of splenic morphometry and dimensions is vital in comprehending the development of spleen in fetal period.Aim:The aim of the study is to study detailed morphometric analysis human fetal splenic specimens of various gestational ages and compare the findings with earlier studiesSubjects and Methods:The present study included 40 fetal cadaveric spleen and morphometric features i.e.,length, breadth, width and weight of spleen were measured.Results:The average weight of the fetal spleen was 1.98 gm and varied from 0.1 to 5.1 gm. The average length, breadth and width of spleen in prenatal group were 2.21 cm, 1.39 cm and 0.645 cm respectively. In the present study the average weight of the fetal spleen was 1.98 gm and varied from 0.1 to 5.1 gm. There was statistically significant increase in splenic weight till 33 weeks.Conclusion:Knowledge of spleen size at different gestational ages will help in early detection and diagnosis of splenic anomalies, identifying congenital malformations, early diagnosis and prompt treatment of intrauterine infections.

Introduction: MBBS is a dream to cherish for all students.It is a course which is respected globally.Medical course is perceived as stressful by many of the undergraduates all over the world.They join the course at an early age without awareness of the details of curriculum, the approaches to be followed for theoretical understanding and acquiring practical skills and developing right attitude to be a good humane doctor.Aims and objectives: To know the awareness of MBBS students about their knowledge of it as a profession and their attitude to know the surrounding atmosphere and approach of students while pursuing the course.Material and methods: This is a retrospective, observational study started after taking the approval of Institutional Ethical Committee of Government Medical College, KADAPA.The material for the study consisted of

Introduction: Thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped richly vascular, brownish-red endocrine organ, located at the lower part of the neck opposite to the fifth, sixth and seventh cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae. On account of developmental abnormalities thyroid gland shows various morphological anomalies like absence of isthmus, ectopic position, and absence of any one of the lateral lobes. Aims: The present study is aimed at documentation of morphological abnormalities and their incidences of thyroid gland, which is useful for the surgeons to plan for proper surgical procedures in thyroid disease. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in 50 cadavers (39 male & 11 female) in coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Results: There is variable lobular pattern in 21 (42%) cadavers. Out of these, isthmus was absent in 8 (20.5%) male, and 3 (27.3%) female cadavers. Relation of tracheal rings to the isthmus was noted. Pyramidal lobe was present in 17 (43.5%) male and 2 female (18.1%) cadavers. Pyramidal lobe is frequently arising from the Isthmus. Levator glandulae thyroideae (LGT) was present in 16 (41%) male and 2 (18.1%) female cadavers. The average height and thickness of right lobe is 4.3cm and 1.15 cm and left lobe is 4.2cm and 1.15cm. Conclusion: As developmental abnormalities of the thyroid gland are common, it is essential to know their variations and incidences for successful thyroid surgeries. Keywords: Thyroid gland, Pyramidal lobe, Isthmus, Levator glandulae thyroideae.

Introduction: The spleen is the largest organ of lymphatic system in the human body with distinct circulatory and immunomodulatory functions. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of splenic anatomical variations and dimensions are essential for early diagnosis, appropriate management and prevention of various infectious diseases and prevention of complications during splenectomy for surgeons. Aim: The aim of the study is to find morphology of spleen in fetus specimens, morphology of spleen in adults and the incidence of variations in the morphology of spleen in both fetal and adult specimens. Material and Methods: The present study included 40 fetal and 40 adult cadaveric spleen. The morphological features like shape, poles, borders, surfaces and the impressions of spleen were observed. Results: In the Fetal group, most common shape observed was wedge or segment of an orange in 52.5%, tetrahedral in 35%, triangular in 7.5%. In the present study in adult specimens, 52.5% of spleen were tetrahedral, 35 % were wedge or segment of an orange, 20% were triangular and 2.5% were oval in shape. Of total 80% of the spleen showed notches. Conclusion: Exclusive knowledge of morphological variations, antenatal detection of splenic anomalies a re beneficial to elucidate developmental defects, early diagnosis and prompt treatment of intrauterine infections. The awareness of them morphological variations of spleen is of fundamental importance to the clinicians, radiologists, Hematologists and surgeons while performing surgical procedures on spleen. Keywords: Spleen, Splenic notch, Morphological variations, Splenectomy, Spleen, Splenic notch, Morphological variations, Splenectomy.

Introduction: Female reproductive system cancers shorten lifespan in women because of high mortality and morbidity. The detection of pre-invasive and micro-invasive stages makes near 100% survival of cancer patients. Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of fingerprints. Many genes which take part in the control of finger and palm dermatoglyphic development distinguished cancer patients from the general population. It is possible that these genes also predispose to the development of malignancy. Since many investigations are needed to confirm the diagnosis of cancers, dermatoglyphics can be used as a screening procedure for planning preventive care if a specific pattern is known for a cancer. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prints of different cancers, to analyze the results, compare with controls and observe the differences in main parameters of dermatoglyphic patterns and to determine a specific pattern for specific cancers. Subjects and Methods: This is a prospective, observational and an analytical study started after the approval by Institutional Ethical Committee of S.V. Medical College, Tirupati. The material for the study consisted of finger and palm prints of outpatients and inpatients of the Department of OBG, Tirupati, Cancer Hospital in and around Tirupati, Nellore and Kadapa. The ink prints of each finger and palm were collected and analyzed. Results: Ridge counts, digital patterns and main line formulae observed in different cancers in the present study were analyzed and presented. Mean TFRC was higher in normal group. Greater AFRC was observed in cancer cervix patients when compared to controls. In the present study, there is no difference (p> 0.05) in a-b ridge count among carcinoma of cervix and control group in both hands. Differences of mean atd, tad and tda angles among the groups are not statistically significant (P>0.05).The most common C-main line termination pattern of cancers are U followed by R and then Ab. IV interdigital area of both hands presented less incidence of loop pattern in cancer cases when compared to normal group. Special findings in respective cancers are discussed separately and they are not found in any other literature. Conclusion: There are very limited studies in literature on dermatoglyphic pattern in female reproductive cancers. Though the cost of prints is less, more time and skilled human resources are required for their analysis. Study sample size of controls and cases to be increased. Public should be enlightened about dermatoglyphics. If large number of studies are done and a specific pattern is established for specific cancers, then it becomes cost-effective to people so that a risk is predicted beforehand in any disease and preventive methods can be employed at an early age as the dermatoglyphic patterns do not change in a life time.

Address for Correspondence: Dr. P. Sofia, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-Mail: sofiapeddity@gmail.com Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of ridges present on fingers, palms and soles. Female reproductive cancers shorten lifespan in women because of high mortality and morbidity. Detection at preinvasive and micro-invasive stages makes near 100% survival of cancer patients. Genes that take part in the development of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics distinguish cancer patients from general population. It is possible that these genes also predispose to the development of malignancy. Materials and Methods: Materials for the study consists of finger prints of outpatients and inpatients of the Department of OBG, Tirupati and Cancer Hospitals in and around Tirupati, Nellore and Kadapa. The ink prints of each finger were collected from 76 female patients who were diagnosed of having reproductive system cancer by histopathology report. 76 normal females of 30 – 60 years of age who are apparently normal are chosen randomly as control group. Results: Present study on different female reproductive cancers, 76 normal and 76 female reproductive cancer cases were studied. Among the 76 cancer cases 49 are of cancer cervix and other 27 cancer cases are from other types of female reproductive system cancers that include endometrial, ovarian, vulval, vaginal, tubal and a combination of cervix and vagina. For statistical analysis, the total cases were categorized into control, cancer cervix and female reproductive cancers other than cancer cervix. Conclusion: Since many investigations are needed to confirm the diagnosis of cancers, dermatoglyphics can be used as a screening procedure to define indications for laboratory procedures.