Chapter 6 capitalizes on the previous chapters, particularly on how to overcome the dualities in commoning; how to democratically common and build equitable and sustainable operational governance relations; how to negotiate with or twist prevailing power relations and ownership regimes, laws, and regulations; and how to compromise between various interests of agents and institutions. It builds on the institutionalist perspective and focuses on social relations elaborated to finetune the Théorie des Cités (TdC) introduced by Boltanski and Thévenot into a Théorie des Cités plus (TdC+) as a methodological framework for the analysis, evaluation, and (co)design of interaction processes in building Landed Commons (LCs). This finetuning makes a distinction between 'collective' (Communities of Practice or CoPs) and 'personal' actors (protagonists representing the CoPs, but also non-CoP-affiliated person-actors). It takes into account the affinity of person-actors to particular cités, as well as the personal and interpersonal psychological understanding of person-actor behaviour in negotiation processes, the social relations among actors, their institutional logics, and puts more stress on the building of a 'Common' world based on a cité supérieure - a shared world of reference. The chapter proposes the Grand Principles of the Landed Commons (GPLC), based on a holistic definition of the LCs, as an image of a 'new world' already described in foundational analyses of (and in) lived commoning experiences. The GPLCs indeed reflect features of several cités and act as a reflective mirror in evaluating the dynamics of evolving LCs.

Chapter 8 analyzes the case of Trage Wegen (TW - Slow Paths) in Flanders, a commoning project aiming to revalorize slow paths all over Flanders as 'roads inaccessible for motorized transport'. By use of the micro-case of Hoofse Hoek, a 900-metre intermunicipal slow path that connects the municipalities of Hove and Lint, the construction of a Landed Commons (LCs) located on land with diverse ownership regimes is meticulously reconstructed. The Théorie des Cités+ analytical framework is placed in dialogue with the Grand Principles of the Landed Commons (GPLC) to uncover which actors and Communities of Practice (CoPs) collaborated towards the making and governance of the slow path. The case study reveals four main time dynamics that calibrate the co-construction process, namely: 1) regulating use rights of the path crossing lands owned and used by various actors; 2) the creation of a project team culminating in the building of a Host Community (HC); 3) the building of a section of a network of slow paths; and 4) the shifting ownership of the concerned land. The chapter narrates how a small project team applying this Action Research approach managed to navigate through a wide field of person-actors and CoPs, adjusting its approach and strategy taking into account their social role (socio-institutional and political realities), the psychology of interpersonal relations, and translating an ambition into practice by transforming concepts and practices of ownership.

Chapter 7 integrates the Théorie des Cités (TdC) and the critical observations made in Chapter 6 into an operational version, namely the Théorie des Cités plus (TdC+). It considers a Landed Commons (LC) case (study) as situated within a territorialized socio-political system, with different Communities of Practice (CoPs) following different institutional logics, and represented by its protagonists. These protagonists together with non-affiliated persons are the person-actors who engage in building the Commons. They justify their positions and ambitions and negotiate by referring to the cités, in search for a monde en commun [a common world], as a concrete Landed Commons (CLC), and a materialization of the compromise between the cités and what the person-actors stand for. For a better understanding of the actions of the CoPs' different protagonists and other person-actors involved in building the LCs, the analytical framework integrates their personal, interpersonal, and social psychology, their social relations, and the ethics of equitable and sustainable human-land relations steering them. The time dynamics of the justification, negotiation, and co-construction process are reassembled in terms of interaction moments, most of which relate to a key moment and/or a concrete, intermediate, common object reflecting an intermediate shared world as a stepping stone towards CLCs. However, a CLC is never 'finalized'; it remains exposed to socio-political dynamics, the intricacies of social relations, and the (inter)psychology of person-actors and CoPs involved.

With exception of the Mgr. P.I. Verriet lnstituut (Gerrit Rietveld, 1949), most of Curacao's modernist buildings of the first half of the twentieth century were designed by architects of the Department of Public Works who received their professional education in the Netherlands. Nevertheless, Cinelandia is testimony that inspiration did not necessarily come from Europe. Gula de Arquitectura Moderna de Ciudad de Guatemala Guatemala City Modern Architecture Guide. This guidebook is an open invitation to go out and walk through the city, while learning about twentieth century Guatemalan architectural history and how it changed the landscape of a city as a constructed cultural manifesto.

This paper explores the transformative potential of Commoning for establishing an urban governance arrangement of an inter-municipal slow path connection located on a former railway embankment—the “Berm” in Mortsel, in the Province of Antwerp, Belgium. To do so, this paper makes use of French pragmatist sociology, namely the “Théorie des Cités (TdC)”, and proposes what we term a “TdC plus” (TdC+), which enhances the TdC with insights from personal psychology, interpersonal interactions and socio-institutional dynamics; the TdC+ also incorporates features of the Landed Commons (Grand Principles of the Landed Commons) into the TdC's approach of common good and operationalises it from an Action research perspective. The paper focuses on the transformative potential of “Gebermte 2019”, an arts-based local initiative aiming to support the establishment of a slow path on the Berm. It illustrates how small scale actions, such as citizens' cultural activities (considered as embedded in processes involving multiple actors over an extended period of time), can be instrumental in empowering civil society groups and help overcome conflict and foster collaboration. It explores the role of supralocal urban governance arrangements in making local initiatives more effective.

While the impact of cruise shipping is largely mitigated by the consolidated and diverse economies of port cities, such as Hamburg, Tokyo, and Seattle, it is a key issue in the current transformation of the Caribbean cruise destinations that increasingly depend on tourism. This chapter illustrates how cruise tourism has triggered spatial and sociocultural changes in urban form and architectural heritage in the Caribbean region. It argues that those transformations fall into a path dependency thread, and that we are at a critical juncture whose stakes include the risk that cruise lines might soon just leave heritage sites altogether. The chapter also gives a broader reading of the contemporary modes of cruise tourism exploitation. The “Introduction” describes how previous economic dependencies shaped and conditioned the built heritage (urban form, urban function, and heritage architecture) of Caribbean port cities and how spatial relationships of port, city, and hinterland ultimately followed the spatial logics of colonial exploitation. It describes how this historically established (hence path-dependent) economical patterns are still visible in the current operating modes of cruise tourism in the region. The section “How Historical Political and Socio-economic Dependencies Shaped Both Caribbean Port City Heritage and Current Operating Modes of Cruise Tourism” describes the role of heritage architecture of port cities, in the context of cruise lines’ economic interests. The section “Heritage Architecture of Caribbean Cities and Cruise Lines’ Economic Interests” looks more specifically at how the cruise lines’ original interest in heritage preceded their actual disinterest. If the cruise lines were the first actors to add economic value to Caribbean heritage, the Caribbean cruise experience now sidesteps—if not actually fakes—local culture, cities, and economy.