This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of the book. The book explains how foreign intervention influences the course of civil wars. It focuses on how foreign resources affect the military power of the recipient belligerent. The book analyses how changes in the balance of capabilities influence the form of warfare that characterises a civil war. It introduces the idea that foreign resources possess both a gross and interactive value. The book explores how changes in one, or more, belligerent's military power will affect the character of the warfare in civil war. It presents evidence that foreign intervention in the Angolan and Afghan civil wars had a significant impact on the contending strategies of the belligerents in those conflicts. Foreign intervention in the Angolan and Afghan civil wars reinforces the notion that foreign resources will have an inconsistent impact on …

This essay proceeds in three steps. First, it will briefly outline the often invoked “crisis” of representative democracy and its major symptoms. Second, it will discuss a popular yet, as I shall argue, worryingly misguided response to that crisis: namely, the switch to plebiscitarian methods of “direct” democracy, as advocated, for example, by rightist populist forces in many European Union member states. The United Kingdom’s Brexit referendum of June 2016 illuminates the weaknesses of this approach. Third, it will suggest a rough design for enriching representative electoral democracy with nonelectoral (but “aleatory,” or randomized) and nonmajoritarian (but deliberative and consultative) bodies and their peculiar methods of political will formation (as opposed to the expression of a popular will already formed). One core question of political theory is how best to make collectively binding decisions: who should make those decisions, and by what rules and procedures? The modalities of decision-making are not just something to be determined at the founding, or “constitutional” moment, of a political community once and for all times by some pouvoir constituant (constituent power). The question of whether our rules and procedures are still “good enough” or whether they are in need of amendments and adjustments is an ongoing challenge in the background of any political process, and certainly one that qualifies as democratic. Yet how should we decide how to decide? The difficulty of any conceivable answer to this question derives from its tricky recursive logic. The answer, in order to be recognized as valid and binding, must itself be decided upon–but how and by whom? If we were able to deduce the “right” mode of decision-making from a robust theory of a divine order, as in an ideal-typical theocratic regime, the problem CLAUS OFFE, a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy since 1995, is Professor Emeritus of Political Sociology at the Hertie School of Governance in Germany. He is author of Europe Entrapped (2015), Varieties of Transition: The East European and East German Experience (1997), and Modernity and the State: East, West (1996).

manuscripts. International Security relies heavily on the evaluations and advice of external reviewers in making its editorial decisions. The editors thank the reviewers listed below for their invaluable assistance. As in previous years, we are recognizing outstanding reviewers for the exceptional quality, quantity, and timeliness of their reviews. Outstanding reviewers are denoted with an asterisk (*). Reviewers for Volume 38

cle manuscripts. International Security relies heavily on the evaluations and advice of external reviewers in making its editorial decisions. The editors thank the reviewers listed below for their invaluable assistance. As in previous years, we are recognizing outstanding reviewers for the exceptional quality, quantity, and timeliness of their reviews. Outstanding reviewers are denoted with an asterisk (*). Reviewers for Volume 36

The editors of the journal thank the reviewers for their time and effort. The reviewers listed here have contributed at least one review in the past two years, and many have contributed considerably more. The quality of the journal depends in large part on their expertise, and their dedication and hard work are sincerely appreciated.

ticle manuscripts. International Security relies heavily on the evaluations and advice of external reviewers in making its editorial decisions. The editors thank the reviewers listed below for their invaluable assistance. This year, for the arst time, we are recognizing outstanding reviewers for the exceptional quality, quantity, and timeliness of their reviews. Outstanding reviewers are denoted with an asterisk (*). Reviewers for Volume 30

Fiona Adamson Samina Ahmed Mikhail Alexseev Ivan Arreguín-Toft Robert Art Debbie Ball Desmond Ball Karen Ballentine Michael Barnett Mats Berdal Richard Betts Stephen Biddle James Blight Bear Braumoeller Shlomo Brom Stephen Brooks George Bunn Steven Burg Nathan Busch Melissa Carr Ashton Carter Vikram Khub Chand Marie Chevrier Ajin Choi Mark Clodfelter Alexander Cooley Walker Connor Richard Cupitt Ivo Daalder Steven David James W. Davis, Jr. David Deese Michael Desch Laura Donohue Paul Doty June Teufel Dryer John Dufaeld William Durch David Edelstein Jason Ellis Miriam Fendius Elman Matthew Evangelista Paul Evans Peter Feaver Steve Fetter Bernard Finel Martha Finnemore David Franz Aaron Friedberg Francis Fukuyama Sumit Ganguly John Garofano Raymond Garthoff Richard Garwin Bates Gill Charles Glaser Michael Glosny Stacie Goddard Hein Goemans Adinarayantampi Gopalakrishnan Michael Green Peter Grose Devin Hagerty Christopher Hamner Gunther Hellman George Herring Fiona Hill Stanley Hoffmann Ted Hopf Lise Howard Michael Ignatieff Erin Jenne Robert Jervis Ellis Joffe Colin Kahl Gaurav Kampani Aaron Karp Regina Cowan Karp Stuart Kaufman Carl Kaysen Patrick Kelly Yuen Foong Khong Andrew Kuchins Charles Kupchan Alan Kuperman Eric Labs Gail Lapidus Peter Lavoy Christopher Layne Jeffrey Legro George Lewis Peter Liberman Roy Licklider R. William Liddle Robert Lieber Jennifer Lind James Lindsay Timothy Luke Douglas MacDonald Lenore Martin Ernest May Rose McDermott John Mearsheimer Sarah Mendelson Ariel Merari Dinshaw Mistry Susan Moeller John Ellis Van Courtland Moon Andrew Moravcsik J. Stephen Morrison John Mueller Karl Mueller Janne Nolan Robert Oakley Michael O’Hanlon Nobuo Okawara Mitchell Orenstein John Orme Frank Pabian Robin Pangi Robert Pape Roland Paris Roger Petersen Kenneth Pollack Barry Posen Samantha Power Andrew Price-Smith William Quandt Dan Reiter John Reppert Appendix 1