herbicide with a novel mode of action has been commercialised for over 30 years (Duke, 2012) and most, but certainly not all, farmers now accept that there is no simple ‘chemical solution’ for controlling resistant black-grass. With declining performance of post-emergence herbicides, farmers have had no option other than to use more pre-emergence herbicides, which tend to be less resistanceprone, combined with much greater reliance on non-chemical control methods. However, while the adoption of integrated weed management (IWM) strategies is laudable, it has largely been out of necessity, rather than as a measured way of reducing pesticide use, which is European Union policy. The author has been involved in research on black-grass for over 40 years, and this article highlights his beliefs that effective management solutions can only be achieved through a good understanding of the agro-ecology of the weed. In addition, farmers need to adopt a longer-term view and accept that ‘quick’ fixes are unlikely to be effective.

We describe an unusual case of visceral Leishmaniasis affecting the gastrointestinal tract in a young immunocompetent patient whose only recent foreign travel was a trip to Mexico 9 months previously. She presented insidiously with diarrhoea, weight loss and developed subacute intestinal failure. Interestingly, she lacked most of the typical features of acute infection, including visceromegaly, fevers and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Atypical visceral involvement involving the gastrointestinal tract is well recognized in HIV coinfection, but very rare in immunocompetent patients. Repeated microscopy and culture of endoscopic biopsies failed to identify Leishmania parasites. Serological tests - direct agglutination test and anti-K39 antibody tests - were negative. This case highlights a very rare presentation of the condition with the absence of other visceral involvement and diagnosis being eventually made solely on polymerase chain reaction of rectal tissue, with a subsequent excellent response to therapy with intravenous liposomal amphotericin.

Objectives. To determine student attitudes and opinions towards pharmacy education in Egyptian universities to provide information for designing delivery of a revised pharmacy curriculum.Methods. Students were recruited from the pharmacy faculties at a government-sponsored university and a privately funded university. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and statistically analyzed. Responses from open questions were subjected to thematic analysis.Results. Students spent widely differing amounts of time on non-classroom study, little of which was self-directed. This was reflected in the low frequency of use of library facilities and the preference of students for passively acquired information. Themes that emerged on how students would improve the curriculum were to increase the use of computers and the Internet; make the course more relevant to pharmacy practice and/or clinical pharmacy; improve and expand the practical components of the course; increase their own involvement in learning; and increase their understanding of subjects as well as their knowledge. For many of the questions, there was a significant different between the responses of students at the 2 universities.Conclusions. Students relied on classroom teaching and devoted little time to self-directed study. However, students were aware of international developments in pharmacy education and practice and are receptive to change.

A single dominant mutation conferring resistance to aryloxyphenoxyprop ion ate (AOPP) and cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides was incorporated into a quantitative model for the population development of wild oat. The model was used to predict the times required to develop field resistance in a number of different scenarios. Field resistance was defined as a threshold of four plants m(-2) surviving herbicide treatment, and in most scenarios, a very large proportion of these plants were resistant. The model predicts that plow cultivation could delay the development of resistance relative to tine cultivation. With an initial seed bank of 100 Seeds m(-2) and annual use of AOPP/CHD herbicides, which kill 90% of susceptible but no resistant plants, field resistance develops in 15 yr with annual tine cultivation 10 cm deep but only after 23 yr with annual plowing 20 cm deep. The model predicts that herbicide rotation can dramatically increase the times required for field resistance to develop in a tine cultivation system. With annual use of AOPP/CHD herbicides, field resistance develops in 15 yr, whereas using alternative modes of action 1 in 2 yr delays field resistance to 28 yr. The model predicts that resistance can be delayed for at least 66 yr if three herbicides, each with a different mode of action, are rotated and each herbicide causes 90% mortality. The model predictions on the number of years required for field resistance to develop are not highly sensitive to the initial density of the seed bank (range modeled = 10(2) to 10(4), the mutation rate for resistance (10(-4) to 10(-7) per generation), the rate of outcrossing (0.1 to 100%) or the herbicide kill rare (80 to 95%).

J. Clarke, S. Moss and J. Orson, Pestic. Outlook, 2000, 11, 59 DOI: 10.1039/B006322N

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AbstractDurch Kondensation von Thiophen‐2,5‐dicarbaldehyd und (Lw‐Diaminoalkanen in EtOH wurden nach 30 min bei Rückflußtemp.

AbstractDurch Reaktion des in situ dargestellten K‐Salzes von Pyrrol‐ 2,5‐dicarbaldehyd mit entsprechenden Diaminen und Cu‐ethoxid in me‐ thanolischer Lösung bei Rückflußtemp.

AbstractThiophen‐2,5‐dialdehyd (I) und die a,w‐Diamino‐ether (II) cyclisieren zu den Makrocyclen (III), die mit Silberionen zu den Disilberkomplexen (IV) bzw. (V) reagieren.