Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 124-132 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH IX: PEER CHARACTERISTICS Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12335 This article is part of the issue “Moving through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 124-132 RelatedInformation

This commentary discusses Gutman et al.'s monograph on developmental trajectories of African American and European American youth. Conceptual and methodological strengths of the monograph are highlighted, and the historical context of the study, including societal and technological changes that have altered the experience of adolescence and advances in developmental science that have occurred since the MADICS was conducted, are discussed. Finally, several suggestions are offered for ways Gutman et al.'s analyses could be elaborated to address further questions about adolescent development in context.

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 106-113 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH VII: PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12333Citations: 1 This article is part of the issue “Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 106-113 RelatedInformation

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 95-105 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH VI: ACADEMIC FUNCTIONING Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12332Citations: 4 This article is part of the issue “Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 95-105 RelatedInformation

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 114-123 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH VIII: FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, University College London 1-19 Torrington Place London WC1E 7HB. email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, University College London 1-19 Torrington Place London WC1E 7HB. email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12334Citations: 2 This article is part of the issue “Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 114-123 RelatedInformation

Within the field of relationship science there is increasing interest in the connections between close relationships and physical health. In the present study, we examined whether adolescents’ (∼12 years old) and young adults’ (∼20 years old) perceptions of their parents as a secure base prospectively predict C-reactive protein (CRP), a commonly used marker of inflammatory activity, at age 32 in a well-characterized sample of African Americans. We utilized existing data collected as part of the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (MADICS) to construct measures of perceptions of parental secure base support (SBS), general parental support, and peer support in early adolescence and early adulthood. In the present study, SBS was operationalized as the perceived ability to depend on parents in times of need. Fifty-nine African American MADICS participants who reported on perceived support in early adolescence and early adulthood participated in a follow-up home visit at age 32 during which serum CRP was measured via a blood draw. After controlling for inflammation-related confounds (e.g., tobacco use, body mass index), adolescents’ perceptions of parental SBS, but not peer support or general parental support, predicted lower CRP values at age 32 ( b = −.92, SE = .34, p < .05). None of the support variables in early adulthood predicted CRP at 32 years. This study adds to a growing literature on relationships and health-related outcomes and provides the first evidence for a link between parental SBS in adolescence and a marker of inflammatory activity in adulthood.

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 83-94 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH V: R/E IDENTITY AND DISCRIMINATION Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12331Citations: 3 This article is part of the issue “Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 83-94 RelatedInformation

Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site. Table S1. Correlations among psychological well-being measures for African American adolescents Table S2. Correlations among psychological well-being measures for European American adolescents Table S3. Correlations among R/E identitity and discrimination measures for African American adolescents Table S4. Correlations among R/E identitity and discrimination measures for European American adolescents Table S5. Correlations among academic functioning for African American adolescents Table S6. Correlations among academic functioning for European American adolescents Table S7. Correlations among problem behaviors for African American adolescents Table S8. Correlations among problem behaviors for European American adolescents Table S9. Correlations among family characteristics measures for African American adolescents Table S10. Correlations among family characteristics measures for European American adolescents Table S11. Correlations among peer characteristics measures for African American adolescents Table S12. Correlations among peer characteristics measures for European American adolescents Table S13. Correlations among Wave 1 measures for African American adolescents Table S14. Correlations among Wave 1 measures for European American adolescents Table S15. Correlations among Wave 4 measures for African American adolescents Table S16. Correlations among Wave 4 measures for European American adolescents Table S17. Correlations among Wave 5 measures for African American adolescents Table S18. Correlations among Wave 5 measures for European American adolescents Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 133-142 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH X: INTEGRATIVE SUMMARY Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London 1-19 Torrington Place London WC1E 7HB. email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London 1-19 Torrington Place London WC1E 7HB. email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12336 This article is part of the issue “Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 133-142 RelatedInformation

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 70-82 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH IV: PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12330Citations: 2 This article is part of the issue “Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 70-82 RelatedInformation

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentVolume 82, Issue 4 p. 29-53 MOVING THROUGH ADOLESCENCE: DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN YOUTH II: METHOD Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB,email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author Leslie Morrison Gutman, Corresponding Author Leslie Morrison Gutman l.gutman@ucl.ac.uk Corresponding author: Leslie Morrison Gutman, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB,email: l.gutman@ucl.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorStephen C. Peck, Stephen C. PeckSearch for more papers by this authorOksana Malanchuk, Oksana MalanchukSearch for more papers by this authorArnold J. Sameroff, Arnold J. SameroffSearch for more papers by this authorJacquelynne S. Eccles, Jacquelynne S. EcclesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12328 This article is part of the issue “Moving through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth” Gutman, Peck, Malanchuk, Sameroff, and Eccles (Issue Authors). For a full listing of articles in this issue, see: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mono.v82.4/issuetoc. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume82, Issue4Moving Through Adolescence: Developmental Trajectories of African American and European American Youth; Issue Authors - Leslie Morrison Gutman, Stephen C. Peck, Oksana Malanchuk, Arnold J. Sameroff, Jacquelynne S. EcclesDecember 2017Pages 29-53 RelatedInformation

Perceived racial discrimination (PRD) has been associated with altered diurnal cortisol rhythms in past cross-sectional research. We investigate whether developmental histories of PRD, assessed prospectively, are associated with adult diurnal cortisol profiles. One-hundred and twelve (N=50 Black, N=62 White) adults from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study provided saliva samples in adulthood (at approximately age 32 years) at waking, 30min after waking, and at bedtime for 7 days. Diurnal cortisol measures were calculated, including waking cortisol levels, diurnal cortisol slopes, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and average daily cortisol (AUC). These cortisol outcomes were predicted from measures of PRD obtained over a 20-year period beginning when individuals were in 7th grade (approximately age 12). Greater average PRD measured across the 20-year period predicted flatter adult diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults, and a lower CAR. Greater average PRD also predicted lower waking cortisol for Black, but not White adults. PRD experiences in adolescence accounted for many of these effects. When adolescent and young adult PRD are entered together predicting cortisol outcomes, PRD experiences in adolescence (but not young adulthood) significantly predicted flatter diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults. Adolescent, but not young adult PRD, also significantly predicted lower waking and lower average cortisol for Black adults. Young adult PRD was, however, a stronger predictor of the CAR, predicting a marginally lower CAR for Whites, and a significantly larger CAR for Blacks. Effects were robust to controlling for covariates including health behaviors, depression, income and parent education levels. PRD experiences interacted with parent education and income to predict aspects of the diurnal cortisol rhythm. Although these results suggest PRD influences on cortisol for both Blacks and Whites, the key findings suggest that the effects are more pervasive for Blacks, affecting multiple aspects of the cortisol diurnal rhythm. In addition, adolescence is a more sensitive developmental period than adulthood for the impacts of PRD on adult stress biology.

This chapter discusses efforts to define and improve the quality of afterschool services, highlighting areas of agreement and identifying leading-edge issues. We conclude that the afterschool field is especially well positioned to deliver high-quality services and demonstrate effectiveness at scale because a strong foundation has been built for continuous improvement of service quality.

Racial/ethnic (R/E) socialization is widely practiced in R/E minority families. However, only recently have models been developed to understand how parents' R/E socialization messages influence adolescent development. The primary goal of the present study was to clarify and extend existing work on R/E socialization in African American (Black) families by distinguishing between parent and youth reports of parents' R/E socialization messages and examining the extent to which adolescents and their parents agree about these socialization messages. In addition, we tested a theoretical model in which parent-reported R/E socialization messages have an indirect effect on the development of youth R/E identity through youth reports of their parents' R/E socialization messages. Using a combination of open- and close-ended data from a longitudinal study of self-identified Black adolescents and their parents, we found statistically significant parent-youth agreement about whether parents send both general R/E socialization messages and, for daughters, specific R/E socialization messages. R/E socialization messages focused on promoting cultural pride and history were associated positively with R/E identity development, whereas messages focused on preparing youth for discrimination tended to be unrelated to R/E identity development. The results largely supported the hypothesis that parent reports of parents' R/E socialization messages are related indirectly to the development of adolescent R/E identity via youth reports of parents' R/E socialization messages.