Background/Aim. Interest in the effects of electromagnetic fields on the human organism has grown significantly with the advent of digital mobile communication systems, which employ pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields. In standby mode, a mobile phone does not emit significant signal power, while during active communication, the intensity of the electromagnetic field may reach values of up to 250 mW. The aim of this study was to examine whether exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields affects the frequency of electroencephalography (EEG) waves. Methods. The study included 60 participants (30 males and 30 females). Each participant underwent two consecutive EEG recordings, each lasting approximately 20 min. The first EEG recording was performed at rest, without exposure to an electromagnetic field generator. This was followed by a second EEG recording while using a mobile phone for 10 minutes on one ear, then a break of about 2 minutes was made and the recording was repeated on the opposite ear, also for 10 minutes. A standard mobile phone was used as the source of the high-frequency electromagnetic field. Results. The analysis of EEG wave frequencies revealed no statistically significant differences in either sex before and after mobile phone exposure in the alpha, beta, or delta frequency bands. A change in the theta frequency band in female participants following mobile phone exposure was localized to the right hemisphere. Conclusion. Methodological limitations are the most likely reason for the absence of recorded changes in the majority of participants. The observed effects may be sufficiently subtle or infrequent to evade detection by standard EEG recordings. Therefore, the lack of observed changes cannot be interpreted as evidence that high-frequency electromagnetic fields have no effect on EEG activity.

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder with a complex genetic and epigenetic aetiology, characterised by progressive skin depigmentation. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have greatly impacted the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of vitiligo. The genetic basis of vitiligo is linked to multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes associated with immune function, apoptosis, and melanogenesis, necessitating the integration of AI for more efficient diagnostic tools and personalised therapies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified approximately 50 vitiligo-susceptibility genes, including PTPN1, PTPN22, NLRP1, FASLG, and TYR. These genes influence the immune response and melanocyte function, with the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kB), playing a central role in inflammatory responses and redox signaling induced by oxidative stress, in conjunction with antioxidant enzymes such as GPx, GST, SOD, and CAT. AI technologies offer a promising avenue for diagnosing vitiligo by combining genetic, clinical, and imaging data, allowing for more accurate classification and personalised treatment strategies. By analysing vast datasets, AI algorithms can identify patterns within complex genetic markers and clinical features, facilitating earlier and more precise detection of vitiligo. Furthermore, AI-driven approaches can optimise therapeutic monitoring, enabling real-time treatment efficacy and disease progression assessment. Integrating AI in vitiligo genetic diagnostics can revolutionise the monitoring of the disorder, improving patient outcomes through personalised, data-driven interventions.

OBJECTIVE:TikTok has rapidly become one of the most influential social media platforms, so understanding the quality of medical content on this platform is essential for evaluating its role in public health communication. This study aimed to assess the quality and educational value of non-ictal seizure-related information on the TikTok by analyzing content associated with the relevant seizure-related keywords. METHODS:A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on TikTok videos retrieved using the platform's default "Top" search function for a selected health-related hashtag. Engagement metrics (likes, comments, shares) were collected, and videos were categorized by source and content. Videos were evaluated for quality and reliability using the DISCERN instrument and the Global Quality Scale (GQS). RESULTS:The majority of analyzed videos were produced by non-healthcare professionals and scored low on both DISCERN and GQS assessments. Personal experiences and non-evidence-based content were prevalent. Despite low educational value, these videos demonstrated high levels of public engagement, with total views exceeding 60 million. A positive correlation was found between likes, comments, and shares, suggesting widespread appeal of the content regardless of quality. Videos created by healthcare professionals, although fewer in number, consistently scored higher in reliability and quality. SIGNIFICANCE:The overall quality of health information on TikTok remains low, highlighting the risks associated with user-generated medical content. However, the platform's popularity and the high public interest in health topics present an opportunity for meaningful intervention. Increased participation by healthcare professionals and academic institutions could significantly improve the accuracy of health communication and better serve public health needs on this influential platform.

Background: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a screening questionnaire, based on historical criteria, in distinguishing between seizures and syncope in patients experiencing their first episode of transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) in a neurology emergency department. Methods: A prospective cohort of 159 patients with initial TLOC episodes underwent clinical observation and answered a nine -question screening questionnaire. The questionnaire's predictive ability was compared to final diagnoses determined through detailed neurology, electrophysiology, and cardiology assessments during a minimum 12 -month follow-up. Logistic regression (LR) analysis was performed with final diagnosis as the outcome variable. The calibration and discrimination of the models were assessed. Results: revealed that the screening score accurately classified 72.33% of patients. Among those with positive screening scores, 65 (67.71%) had seizures compared to 31 (32.29%) with syncope. Introducing a novel risk -scoring model incorporating age and gender, in addition to the screening score, significantly improved performance achieving an accurate classification rate of 81.48%. Among patients with a positive prediction, 63 (80.77%) had seizure, whereas 15 (19.23%) had syncope. Conclusions: Employing a structured questionnaire based on common historical criteria is a valuable tool for distinguishing between seizure and syncope in the dynamic setting of the emergency department. (c) 2023 College of Emergency Nursing Australasia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Introduction. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a developmental malformation of the cerebral cortex characterized by abnormal migration of neurons into the cortical plate and is often associated with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Case report. A 33-year-old female patient suffered from drug-resistant epilepsy, which was predominantly characterized by focal seizures, with occasional seizures that had a focal onset and progressed into bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral heterotopic nodules in the occipital horns of the lateral brain ventricles. 18-Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography ? FDG-PET scan demonstrated a zone of reduced glucose metabolism on the right temporal region. Electroencephalogram suggested focal electrocortical activity on the temporo-parieto-occipital regions, predominantly on the right temporal side. The woman was treated with polytherapy (valproic acid, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, clobazam, and lacosamide), but it did not affect the seizure frequency. Due to the bilateral localization of the heterotopic nodules, surgical treatment was not recommended. After a multidisciplinary assessment, we decided on vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and achieved satisfying seizure control. Conclusion. Patients with PNH require multidisciplinary assessment and treatment, while in this report we have a case of a patient in whom satisfying control of drug-resistant epilepsy was achieved after the implantation of the VNS device.

Summary of backgroundDementia is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, having a major impact not only on the affected person but also on all of society. The Internet is a popular and growing source of health-related information for patients, family members, carriers, and physicians. TikTok, one of the most popular social media platforms, is an important source for knowledge access and adoption. However, the quality of health information on TikTok has not been sufficiently studied.ObjectiveTo evaluate the quality of the information provided in the most popular videos on dementia shared on TikTok.Study designA cross-sectional study.MethodsThe top 100 most popular videos on TikTok obtained by searching the hashtag “dementia” were included in the study and grouped based on their source and content. The popularity of the videos was estimated based on the numbers of likes, comments, and shares. The quality of health-related information was evaluated using the DISCERN score and the Global Quality Score (GQS).ResultsVideos had a median duration of 33.29 s; the median number of likes was 635,100, with a total of 93,698,200 likes, 903,859 comments, and 5,310,912 shares. The source (uploader) of 65% of the videos was family members, while only 4% were uploaded by doctors. The content was lifestyle-related in 62% of the videos, while 12% of the videos were for fun. Videos had a median DISCERN score of 22.5 (IQR 20–27) and a median GQS of 2 (IQR 1–3). The videos uploaded by doctors had the highest quality scores and the lowest popularity.ConclusionThe most popular dementia videos on TikTok are mostly shared by family members and are of poor quality. Given the major public health issues associated with dementia, experts must provide appropriate and active assistance to patients in interpreting the information identified.

AbstractBackground:The relationship between different surrogates of insulin resistance and left ventricular geometry in obese children is still unclear.Objective:We sought to explore the relationship between commonly used measures of insulin sensitivity/resistance (homeostatic model assessment index, serum uric acid, and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio) and left ventricular geometry in normotensive obese children.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 32 normotensive obese children were examined. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness. Homeostasis model assessment index, serum uric acid level, and a ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were used as markers of the insulin resistance. Simple and partial correlation analyses (to control for the effects of body mass index) were conducted to explore relationship between studied variables and left ventricular mass index or relative wall thickness as outcome variables.Results:We found positive correlations between homeostasis model assessment index and relative wall thickness (r = 0.47, p = 0.03) which remained significant after controlling for the effect of body mass index, z-score (r = 0.48, p = 0.03). The cutoff level of homeostasis model assessment index with the optimum sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for predicting concentric remodelling was ≥5.51 with Sn = 83.33 and Sp = 68.75.Conclusion:There is a positive relationship between homeostasis model assessment index and relative wall thickness of obese normotensive children which may help to distinguish at risk obese normotensive children for the development of concentric left ventricular remodelling.

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Previous studies reported conflicting results concerning the relationship between serum lipid levels and left ventricular geometry pattern. We sought to explore the relationship between standard serum lipid profile measures with left ventricular geometry pattern in obese children. Patients and methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 70 obese children were examined. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), glucose, and insulin. Based on these values TG/HDL ratio, BMI and HOMA index were calculated. We also measured the average 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) and two-dimensional (2/D) transthoracic echocardiography was performed to determine left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore relationships between study variables and the LVMI or RWT as outcome variables. The final model with LVMI included TG/HDL ratio, BMI, 24 h-average SBP, age and sex, while for the RWT we included BMI, insulin, age and sex. Results Our study included 70 children (65.71% boys and 34.29% girls) median age (14 years, IQR = 12–16)." We demonstrated independent and positive association of TG/HDL ratio, BMI and 24 h-average SBP with LVMI (effect = 3.65, SE = 1.32, p < 0.01; effect = 34.90, SE = 6.84, p < 0.01; effect = 0.32, SE = 0.12, p < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, in model with RWT as outcome variable, only BMI and insulin were significantly linked (BMI: effect = 13.07, SE = 5.02, p = 0.01 Insulin: effect = 2.80, SE = 0.97). Conclusion Increased TG/HDL ratio in obese children is associated with the development of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy while increased BMI and insulin were associated with concentric left ventricular hypertophy.

Background: Relative importance of traditional and non-traditional components of metabolic syndrome (MetSy) as risk factors for subclinical target organ damage in obese children is still under investigation. Recent studies highlight the role of serum uric acid (SUA) as an emerging non-traditional independent risk factor which correlates with obesity, MetSy, type 2 diabetes, preclinical cardiac and extracardiac organ damage, as well as cardiovascular events. Aims: To study the relationship between SUA and left ventricular geometry pattern in obese children with or without MetSy. Patients and methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 73 obese children, 64.4% male, and 35.6% female, with median age of 15 years (IQR = 12-16) were examined. Body mass index, glycaemia, standard lipid profile, fasting insulin level, HOMA index, serum uric acid level, 24-h average systolic blood pressure, left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were evaluated in all children. Results: LVMI in our study group was 46 g/m(2.7) (IQR = 42-55) while the RWT was 37% (IQR = 31-41). Median SUA level was 341 mmol/L (IQR = 283-387). In the entire sample of children, SUA was independently associated with the RWT (coeff = 0.02, p < 0.01). In a sub-group of metabolically unhealthy children, we found no statistically significant association between SUA and LVMI nor between SUA and RWT (coeff. = 0.002, p = 0.92; coeff. = 0.01, p = 0.20, respectively). Conclusion: Serum uric acid is an important independent non-traditional risk factor for the development of concentric left ventricular geometry in obese children. These findings deserve further investigation to determine whether high SUA in obese children may be a therapeutic target. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We read with interest the article by Gruntz et al. These authors suggest that incident Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with an increased risk of incident epileptic seizures. This observation is a very important contribution, which will be useful in future studies, and we want to acknowledge these authors for their efforts. However, some issues raise concerns and merit a more detailed examination. First, Gruntz et al’s case selection is based on a large data set from a primary care setting. The same group, using the same data set in previous articles, specified that only a small percentage (1%) of all cases were referred to a neurologist to confirm the diagnosis, and that seizure diagnosis is not formally validated in the data set. Other disorders with prominent signs and symptoms of transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), such as syncope, may be confused with seizures. The reliability of the diagnosis of the first TLOC is therefore surprisingly low, and this may particularly be the case in a primary care setting, such as the one used for this study. Second, for case selection, one of the engaged criteria was usage of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in combination with diagnostic codes indicating a suspected epileptic seizure as a surrogate for the diagnosis of epileptic seizure. However, AEDs can be indicated for many conditions other than epilepsy, which may lead to misclassification. In a sensitivity analysis, these authors applied a definition of incident epilepsy that they used in another study with the same data set. However, that study used criteria of AED prescriptions in conjunction with diagnostic codes for epilepsy and not with codes for suspected epileptic seizures. Finally, this study utilized a conditional logistic regression analyses to explore the “real association” between PD and the risk of epileptic seizures. Nevertheless, these authors essentially presented only the results of a univariate logistic regression. A univariate analysis should be only the first step in any model building process. Despite the fact that this study matched controls for many variables, there can still be effect modifiers, and a multivariate analysis could examine potential statistical interactions between each of the selected variables. Overall, the association of PD and epileptic seizures is intriguing, and we strongly support further investigation in this area. However, considerable caution is necessary in making causal inferences from case‐control studies.

Catamenial epilepsy is a type of epilepsy that is characterized by aggravation and seizures clustering in a perimenstrual or periovulatory periods. Neuroactive properties of reproductive steroids and cyclic variations in their concentrations are important pathophysiological factors. Recent researches have demonstrated and confirmed the presence of at least three forms of catamenial aggravation of the attacks: perimenstrual and periovulatory in ovulation cycles and pattern throughout the whole luteal phase in anovulatory cycles. Rational models have identified that approximately one-third of women with epilepsy may have catamenial aggravation of the seizures. Open studies using cyclic natural progesterone as add-on therapy, medroxyprogesterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues have shown therapeutic benefits in certain forms of catamenial epilepsy. Therefore, it is important for the physician to consider catamenial epilepsy as a common type of epilepsy in women and recognize a particular pattern of this condition with the potential for good therapeutic response. Acta Medica Medianae 2018;57(4):117-121.

Over the last decades, time domain heart rate (HR) variability analysis has been explored in different pediatric clinical settings to obtain information on the cardiac autonomic tone. However, the consistency over time of 24 h time domain HRV measurements in children is not well-known.

to determine relation between neurophysiological parameters and spatial perception threshold (SPT) in patients with subclinical diabetic polyneuropathy (SDPN). We analysed 56 diabetics (36 males), average age 49.9 years (49.9 ± 11.8) without clinical symptoms or signs of DPN, but with prior registered mild reduced NT SCV values. With surface electrodes we determined NT MCV and SCV values (in m/s), NT SEP parameters (N22, N27, N37 and P40 latency-in ms and amplitude- in uV). SPT values (score as number 1–8) were determined with Tactile Circuferential Discriminator (TCD) on dorsal part of foot’s big toe skin. The control group (CG) consisted of 46 healthy persons corresponding ages. For statistical analysis we used Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation study. The mean NT SCV value was 37.7 m/s (37.7 ± 4.3), significant smaller (p < 0.01) than in CG (52.7 ± 5.4). The pathological values of SPT were registered in 75% (42/56) patients. The pathological values of N37 and P40 parameters were registered in 26.8% (15/56) patients. The statistical significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was registered between the values of SPT and NT SCV, but not between SPT and NT MCV and NT SEP parameters (p > 0.05). In patients with SDPN determination of SPT is useful for early diagnosis of neuropathy, but it has smaller sensitivity than NT SCV assessment. The SPT and NT SCV values are not in correlation with central NT SEP abnormalities.

Background: Adverse neurologic outcome in preterm infants could be associated with abnormal heart rate (HR) characteristics as well as with abnormal general movements (GMs) in the 1st month of life.Aims: To demonstrate to what extent GMs assessment can predict neurological outcome in preterm infants in our clinical setting; and to assess the clinical usefulness of time-domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV) in improving predictive value of poor repertoire (PR) GMs in writhing period.Study design: Qualitative assessment of GMs at 1 and 3 months corrected age; 24 h electrocardiography (ECG) recordings and analyzing HRV at 1 month corrected age.Subjects: Seventy nine premature infants at risk of neurodevelopmental impairments were included prospectively.Outcome measures: Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at the age of 2 years corrected. Children were classified as having normal neurodevelopmental status, minor neurologic dysfunction (MND), or cerebral palsy (CP).Results: We found that GMs in writhing period (1 month corrected age) predicted CP at 2 years with sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 72.1%. Our results demonstrated the excellent predictive value of cramped synchronized (CS) GMs, but not of PR pattern. Analyzing separately a group of infants with PR GMs we found significantly lower values of HRV parameters in infants who later developed CP or MND vs. infants with PR GMs who had normal outcome.Conclusions: The quality of GMs was predictive for neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years. Prediction of PR GMs was significantly enhanced with analyzing HRV parameters. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND/AIM:Environmental factors may influence the disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the in- fluence of air pollution and seasonal climate factors of any on number of relapses in MS patients during a consecutive 5 years of observation.METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed data of MS patients from the town of Niš, hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center Niš, Serbia, from 2005 to 2009. Climate data: mean daily sun shining; mean monthly sun shining, mean whole daily cloudiness, daily cloudiness at 7 a.m, 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. and air pollution expressed by NSR (New Source Review) were obtained from the Meteorology Observatory Niš.RESULTS:During a 5-year of observation there were 260 relapses in 101 MS patients. The number of relapses showed a significantly negative correlation with the number of days with NSR < 2 (p = -0.31; p < 0.01) and a positive correlation with the mean whole daily cloudiness (p < 0.05), mean daily cloudiness at 7 a.m. (p < 0.05) and 2 p.m. (p < 0.01). We found a significantlly positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the reduced number of relapses during the period of high vitamin D season, i.e. July-October. There was a statistically significant increase (p < 0.01) of the number of relapses during spring (x = 6.53; SD = 3.98) compared to the other three seasons. The joint presence of lower number of days with NSR < 2 during low vitamin D season (January- April) correlated with a statistically significant increase of the number of relapses in MS patients (F = 5.06, p < 0.01). CON- CLUSION: The obtained results confirmed the influence of air pollution and climate seasonal conditions on disease relapses in MS patients based on a long-term observation. Lower numbers of days with low air pollution during the periods with low vitamin D (January-April), especially with increased cloudiness at 2 p.m, induce a higher risk of MS relapses in southern continental parts of Europe.

This study aims to explore the relationship between currently recommended ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) measures used to classify pediatric hypertension and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in children with true ambulatory hypertension. We performed a cross-sectional survey among 94 children who were consecutively referred for suspected hypertension. The calculated ABP measures were average 24-h systolic blood pressure (24-h aSBP) and 24-h SBP load. The LVMI was estimated by M-mode echocardiography using Devereux’s formula and indexed by height2,7. A total of 35 children fulfilled the criteria for true ambulatory hypertension (elevated office blood pressure, 24-h SBP load >25 %, and 24-h aSBP >95th percentile). Compared with children not fulfilling these criteria, those with true ambulatory hypertension had significantly higher values of 24-h aSBP, 24-h SBP load, and LVMI, as well as body mass index (BMI; P < 0.0001). In a separate analysis of both groups, none of the examined ABP measures adjusted for age, sex, and BMI correlated with LVMI. In those with true hypertension, only BMI was significantly associated with increased LVMI (F = 9.651; P = 0.004; adjusted R 2 = 0.203). The results of our study suggest that pediatric hypertension, as determined by currently recommended ABP (SBP) measures, is not associated with subclinical end-organ damage as defined by the increased left ventricular mass. Therefore, additional factors associated with BMI increase must be considered as risk factors for the development of end-organ damage in hypertensive children.

We sought to develop and compare prognostic models, based on clinical and/or morphometric diagnostic data, to enable better prediction of complete cytogenetic response (CCgR). This prospective longitudinal study included a consecutive series of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who were started on imatinib therapy. Logistic regression analysis using backward selection was performed with CCgR at 6, 12, and 18 months as the outcome variables. We evaluated both calibration and discrimination of the model. Internal validation of the model was performed with bootstrapping techniques. A total of 40 patients on imatinib therapy were included in the final analysis. Of these, 25 (62.5 %), 29 (72.5 %), and 32 (80 %), respectively, achieved CCgR at 6, 12, and 18 months after initiation of imatinib. Models included EUTOS score on diagnosis and one of the following morphometric parameters: microvascular density, length of the minor axis, area or circularity of the blood vessel. Models including morphometric parameters and EUTOS score were superior for prediction of CCgR at 6, 12, and 18 months. In particular, the superior models showed better specificity than EUTOS score alone. Using morphometric parameters in conjunction with EUTOS score improves prediction of CCgR. If validated, these models could aid in individual patient risk stratification.

Apstrakt Uvod/Cilj. Nekoliko istraživanja ukazalo je na mogucnost uticaja klimatskih faktora na aktivnost bolesti u relapsno-remitentnoj multiploj sklerozi (MS). Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj zagađenja vazduha i sezonskih klimatskih faktora na pojavu relapsa bolesti u dužem vremenskom periodu. Metode. Retrospektivno i detaljno statisticki analizirali smo podatke o broju relapsa MS bolesnika iz Nisa i okoline, hospitalizovanih u Klinici za neurologiju Klinickog centra Nis, od 2005. do 2009. godine. Praceni su klimatski faktori: srednja mesecna osuncanost, srednja dnevna oblacnost, dnevna oblacnost u 7, 14 i 19 casova i stepen zagađenja vazduha meren po metodu New Source Review (NSR), a na osnovu podataka Meteoroloske stanice Nis. Rezultati. Tokom pet godina pracenja 101 bolesnika registrovano je 260 relapsa MS cija pojava je imala statisticki znacajnu negativnu korelaciju sa brojem dana sa niskim nivoom zagađenja vazduha, NSR   8  bio je statisticki znacajno veci od broja dana sa NSR < 2 tokom 2005, 2006 i 2009. ( p < 0,05). U periodu visokog nivoa viatamina D (jul–oktobar) utvrđena je statisticki znacajna korelacija sa sniženjem ucestalosti relapsa ( p < 0.05). Broj relapse u prolece (ґ = 6,53; SD = 3,98) bio je statisticki znacajno veci ( p < 0,01) u odnosu na leto (ґ = 3,27; SD = 2,49), jesen (ґ = 2,93; SD = 1,62) i zimu (ґ = 4,60; SD = 2,64). U periodima karakteristicnim za snižene nivoe vitamina D (januar–april), uz istovremeno prisustvo NSR < 2 primecen je statisticki znacajan porast broja relapsa MS (F = 5.06, p < 0,01). Zakljucak. Tokom dužeg vremenskog perioda klimatski faktori uticu na aktivnost MS. Veci broj dana sa povecanom zagađenoscu vazduha u sezoni niskog nivoa vitamina D (januar–april), posebno u slucaju povecane oblacnosti u 14 casova, znacajno povecavaju rizik od pojave relapsa MS u jugoistocnim kontinentalnim delovima Evrope. Kljucne reci: multipla skleroza; recidiv; vazduh, zagađenje; klima; sunceva svetlost; vitamin d.

The scope of paediatric autonomic disorders is not well recognised, and paediatricians seem to be generally unaware of the complexity and diversity of their clinical manifestations. We report a 12-year-old boy presenting with hypertensive encephalopathy caused by autonomic dysreflexia. Conclusion: This observation emphasises the importance of the recognition of this rare autonomic disorder, which can have potentially life-threatening neurological complications.