Metal nanoparticles can be synthesized by "green synthesis" methods, an efficient and environmentally friendly process that involves combination of metal salt solution with plant extract. Due to low cost, ideal surface area, plenty of active sites, and high adsorption capabilities, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) have drawn a lot of attention as effective adsorbents. Our present study is primarily concerned about green synthesis route of producing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) from flower extract of Nyctanthesarbor-tristis. The prepared CuO-NPs was used in the adsorption of toxic metal ions including U(VI), Pb(II), Cr(VI), and Cd(II) from water samples was studied. Different analytical techniques like UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy has been used for analyzing the properties of prepared copper oxide nanoparticles. A batch experiment has also been conducted to determine the efficacy of the synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles toward the adsorption of toxic metal ions including U(VI), Pb(II), Cr(VI), and Cd(II) from water samples at various parameters, such as the impact of pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage. According to the results, the adsorption capacity (qmax) of CuO-NPs for U(VI), Pb(II), Cr(VI), and Cd(II) metal ions are 200, 155.27, 131.57 and 90.90 respectively. The kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second order kinetics model has best fits to the data (R2= 0.85, 0.91, 0.89, 0.92 for U(VI), Pb(II), Cr(VI), and Cd(II) respectively. The study also included pseudo-first order, Elovich models and intra particle diffusion. In light of these findings, copper oxide nanoparticles were found to be a promising nano-adsorbent for the treatment of water.

Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems in humans. Both industrialized and developing nations struggle with the health effects of this disease, which is becoming more widespread. One of the most important characteristics of diabetes is that approximately half of diabetic people have inherited traits. Inadequate insulin production and poor pancreatic function are also major reasons for diabetes. Recently, genome-wide association studies have meaningful numerous additional genes that are probably associated with diabetes-like disease. However, the heritability of type 2 diabetes is largely unaccounted for by the widespread genetic variants that have been discovered thus far. A further component of this heritability may be explained by the interaction of two or more gene variants; however, complete interaction analyses are currently impossible or extremely computationally challenging. In the present study, ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm methods were proposed for the diagnosis of diabetes. ACO has been used to successfully extract rule-based categorization systems in the field of data mining. The study summarizes the use of ACO to derive a set of rules for diabetes disease diagnosis.

Despite several technological advances and breakthroughs wastewater treatment continue to be a major problem on a world basis. Here, in this work we synthesised cerium oxide nanoparticles for the removal of chromium, lead and cadmium ions from water. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized from Pisum sativum pods extract by the green synthesis route and characterized by various instrumental techniques like double beam UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Further, the effects of several factors, like adsorbent dose, ion concentration, pH, contact time are also studied through batch adsorption experiments. We also studied pseudo second order and pseudo first order kinetics model. The qmax values for the elimination of Pb(II), Cr(VI), and Cd(II) was calculated to be 100, 125 and 100mg/g respectively. The maximum elimination of lead and cadmium ions were observed at pH 6 and the maximum removal percentage of chromium was observed at pH 3. Based on our results, it concluded that, the synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles could be used to treat water for better adsorbent.

Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles via the green approach is an effective and eco-friendly method. The proposed investigation is focused on Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesis from methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis L. seeds. The seed extract contains phytoactive compounds which act as a reductant and stabilizer for the biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs followed by calcination. ZnO-NPs are characterized by different analytical techniques which provide information regarding its surface morphology, the average crystallite size (19 nm), estimation of the functional group involved in nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy is helpful in the investigation of variant phytoactive compounds in the methanolic plant extract. UV-visible absorption spectra at 400 nm substantiate the formation of ZnO-NPs. ZnO-NPs is applicable in a wide range which includes fabrication of biosensor, optoelectronics, bio-medicals, etc.

The presence of pollutants such as harmful heavy metals in aqueous system is currently one of the largest environmental problems. Due to unmanaged discharge from numerous industries, this system is a serious problem in the major cities of developing nations. Due to the adverse effects on the environment and potential to cause cancer in humans, these contaminants are anticipated to require special consideration. Pollution clearance is a difficult problem that needs to be tackled if adverse effects on people and the environment are to be avoided or minimized. The main objective of this present research is to synthesize zinc oxide nanoiparticles (ZnO-NPs) from Nyctanthus arbor-tristis flower in a safe, non-toxic, and ecologically friendly manner. The adsorption of U(VI), Pb(II), Cr(VI) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions by Nyctanthus arbor-tristis flower extract was investigated under laboratory conditions to assess its potential in removing these metal ions. The impacts of the experimental factors, such as ZnO-NPs dosage, solution pH, and contact time, were investigated. The study shows that the majority of the toxic metal ions can be adsorbed from the solution in a relatively short duration of time under ambient conditions. The adsorption behavior of toxic metal ions onto the ZnO-NPs was analyzed with Freundlich as well as Langmuir rate equations and the results were supported by the pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The study provides a safe, non-toxic, and eco-friendly green synthesis method and also demonstrated excellent performance of the synthesized ZnO-NPs.

The preparation of cerium oxide nanoparticles from seed extract of Litchi chinensis was synthesized by a green synthesis method. Chemical and physical properties of the synthesized adsorbent were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction technique (PXRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), and Raman spectrum. The batch process is used to calculate the removal efficacy of fluoride ion from the aqueous solution at different pH, temperature, contact duration, and initial fluoride concentration. The maximum removal efficiency was observed to be attained at pH 7 in one hour. The Langmuir model as well as the pseudo-second-order model provides accurate description for the adsorption isotherm and kinetics. According to HR-TEM analysis, the size of the cerium oxide nanoparticle is having 10 nm with spherical shape. The results from this study indicated the ability of cerium oxide nanoparticles prepared from Litchi chinensis, to remove fluoride in water, and had possibility to clean wastewater treatment.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a non-enveloped and globular protein, is the primary cause of acute hepatitis. The structural capsid protein encoded by HEV is the open-reading frame 2 gene. However, there are presently no efficient and targeted therapies for HEV infections. This research aims to screen out the effective bioactive compounds from Paederia foetida, which may be novel potential inhibitors of Hepatitis E. Despite various research in recent decades, the molecular picture of the interaction between the Hepatitis E virus and iridoid glycosides from Paederia foetida remains vague. We performed in silico ADMET predictions of the phytochemicals of Paederia foetida, and the findings revealed a reasonably good ADMET profile for the twenty chosen phytochemicals. Herein, the twenty phytochemicals were submitted to an analysis of molecular docking studies with the HEV protein and the analysis suggested that asperuloside, ellagic acid, friedlin, lupeol and paederoside as the most potential HEV inhibitors among the selected phytochemicals. Subsequently, the stability of these phytochemical complexes was studied by using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation of 100 ns. Based on our computational study, lupeol and paederoside phytochemicals obtained from the paederia foetida plant may be used as potential drug candidates for the inhibition of hepatitis E.

The hepatitis A virus (HAV), which causes hepatitis A, is a contagious liver ailment. The infections are not specifically treated by any medications. Therefore, the development of less harmful, more effective and cost-effective antiviral agents are necessary. The present work highlighted the in-silico activity of phytocompounds from tinospora cordifolia against HAV. The binding interaction of HAV with the phytocompounds was analyzed through molecular docking. Molecular docking revealed that chasmanthin, malabarolide, menispermacide, tinosporaside, and tinosporinone compounds bind with HAV more efficiently than other compounds. Further evaluation using 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation, MM/GBSA and free energy landscape indicated that all phytocompounds studied here were found to be most promising drug candidate against hepatitis A virus. Our computational study will encourage promoting in further investigation for in vitro and in vivo clinical trials.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Medicinal plants the underpinning of indigenous herbal serve, are the possible source of key compounds for the development of new drugs. Hepatitis D, one of the most widespread infectious diseases associated with global public health issues. Therefore, we aim to screen natural compounds to find out potent inhibitor towards hepatitis delta antigen. Through ADMET investigation, we have screened twenty phytochemicals for this study. Additionally, using molecular docking, these phytochemicals were docked with the HDV protease which signifies the phytochemicals beta-amyrin, chiratenol, episwertenol and swertanone have a significant capability to bind with hepatitis D virus protein. The docking study was further accompanied by analyzes RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, Hbond number, and principal component analysis through 100 ns MD simulations. Based on our principal component analysis, beta-amyrin, chiratenol, episwertenol and swertanone phytochemicals can be a potential drug candidates for inhibition of hepatitis D. The above observation is also supported by our Gibbs free energy landscape study. The potential therapeutic characteristics of the phytochemicals against hepatitis D inhibition offer additional support for the in vitro and in vivo studies in future. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

A persistent and growing danger to human health and welfare is infectious diseases. Growing and reemerging pathogens around the world continue to challenge prevention and control strategies, while urgent action is needed to resolve the increasing issue of infectious diseases. In terms of time, precision and cost, recent developments in biosensor technology have the potential to offer point-of-care (POC) diagnostics that meet or exceed traditional standards. Scientific and technical developments in molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics in the field of infectious diseases have also been discussed in order to solve the challenges. Computational research using different instruments and methods in bioinformatics helps to clarify the underlying molecular information that will undoubtedly assist in the development of diagnostics for infectious disease detection. The preliminary work for biosensor designs needs a thorough understanding of the atomistic scale binding process through molecular modeling and docking techniques. Hepatitis C is a contagious, viral liver disease that is bloodborne. The most common mode of infection is through exposure to small quantities of blood. Hepatitis C treatment and early diagnosis may help avoid complications such as cancer. In this chapter, we discuss various detection strategies and challenges for infectious hepatitis C disease.

Nephrotic syndrome type 1 is an inherited condition in which mutation of NPHS1 gene, which encodes nephrin protein, results increase permeability of glomerular capillary wall for macromolecules causes heavy proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and edema. Nephrotic syndrome patients are resistant to steroid and immunosuppressive treatment. Natural products have traditionally been used to treat a number of chronic diseases. Present study was focused to investigate potency of different phytochemicals found in Boerhavia diffusa (B.diffusa) plant against mutant nephrin protein. The study involves virtual screening of total 66 bioactive compounds from B.diffusa plant against wild type and mutant models of Ig4 domain of nephrin protein through AutoDock raccoon. Based on binding energy and drug-likeness property, seven phytocompounds were screened. Hydrate-ligand docking (addition of explicit waters in ligands) method was used to select potential phytocompounds that could bind to mutant model of Ig4 domain of nephrin protein. For further prediction, molecular dynamics simulations with 100ns trajectory of Ig4 domain of nephrin protein in glycolipid bilayer membrane for systems such as wild, mutant, mutant model complex with boeravinone M and mutant model complex with boeravinone E were thoroughly studied. Hydrate-ligand docking result predicted boeravinone M and boeravinone E have shown better binding performance with mutant model. It causes due to hydration force field that measures entropy and enthalpy for each water molecule separately, allowing for more exact estimations of their contribution to ligand-protein interaction. Boeravinone E shows lowest short-range Lennard-Jones (LJ-SR) interaction energies of-47.78 +/- 12.7 kJ/mol. The results showed reduced compactness and stability nature of mutant model of Ig4 domain of nephrin protein, however, binding with boeravinone E has effectively modulated its stability and function by increasing its compactness. Current study may provide insight into therapeutic development of boeravinone E as a potential inhibitor against NPHS1in near future.

Nanotechnology has been thoroughly researched in the last decade and has proved to be an inspiring technique in the health care sector and the medical industry. This innovative technology offers a large range of non-materials and methods capable of diagnosing and treating various inflammatory disorders and conditions. Nanoparticles drug delivery systems that have the benefits of biodegradability, non-toxicity for targeting inflammation. An enormous amount of in vivo and in vitro research has been conducted in previous studies to support the positive role of nanoparticles in the treatment of inflammation and its associated diseases. These materials through a passive or active targeting mechanism attracted all researchers around the globe for their distinctive scale, shape, and surface properties. Nanoparticles' physiochemical characteristics are important directions for better targeting of inflammation. The recent development of the influence that nanomedicine has on the treatment of inflammatory diseases has been outlined here in this chapter. As the interaction of inflammatory tissues depends on the targeting ligands, therefore we evaluate the interactions in the terms of binding efficacy of the carvacrol, p-cymene, (-)-linalool, squalene molecules with protein having PDB ID: 1P2C.

A field experiment was carried out during the Kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 on a strongly acidic sandy soil (pH- 5.01 and organic carbon - 4.8 g kg-1) of Sambalpur district in Odisha, India to study the influence of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) and nutrient omission technique on the productivity of ‘Mahyco-Hybrid 3845 S’ maize under eight treatment combinations consisting of SSNM, three nutrient omissions, one organic, another organic and inorganic amelioration and absolute control. SSNM treated plot showed the highest biomass production (10.9 t ha-1) whereas omission of all NPK resulted in 50.4 % less biomass production. All the major nutrient concentrations i.e., N, P and K were found lowest in their respective omission treatment. It was observed that lime treatment showed the highest Ca content in biomass whereas the lowest in N omitted treatment. Integration of organic alone, with inorganic amelioration and organic-inorganic combination with deficient nutrient resulted in the highest uptake of N, P and K as compared to 100% NPK. SSNM practices improved the soil fertility status and raised the net income and B: C ratio.

The symbiotic association between root nodulating bacteria viz. Rhizobium and pulses enhance the crop agronomic characteristics, productivity and quality depending upon the symbiotic effectiveness of the bacterial strain. To evaluate this effectiveness, a study was conducted during December, 2019−April, 2020 (rabi) at Central Farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751003, Odisha aimed at evaluating the efficiency of seven isolated rhizobial strains of pigeon pea viz. BRP-2, BRP-4, BRP-8, BRP-20, BRP-28, BRP-56 and a local strain CHRS-7 in a randomized block design with four replications. The pigeon pea cv PRG-176 was used for study. The results revealed that seed inoculation with different Rhizobium strains enhanced the plant height (41.84–90.09 cm), relative growth rate (0.410−0.898 mm day-1), nodular characteristics, nodular nitrogen (3.11 to 4.11%), pod and seed characteristics in pigeon pea. In addition to that the potentiality of pigeon pea producing only 408 kg seed ha-1 without any seed inoculation could be enhanced to produce 888 kg seed ha-1 by seed inoculation in a coastal agroecosystem. The findings also revealed a better uptake of nutrients by the crop in Rhizobium inoculated practices that performed in the order Control