This paper introduces a novel all-optical contention detection circuit utilizing a carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifier (CR-SOA) to achieve efficient four-wave mixing (FWM) at 120 Gb/s. Unlike traditional SOAs, which are limited by slow carrier recovery, CR-SOAs leverage a carrier reservoir for rapid gain and phase recovery, making them suitable for high-speed applications. The proposed circuit detects contention between data streams at different wavelengths using only two input signals, eliminating the need for an external pump signal. Four-wave mixing (FWM) in CR-SOA has been employed for detecting contention at different wavelengths. This simplification is especially beneficial for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems, where adding pump signals can complicate integration. Unlike other contention detection circuits that use multiple SOAs, the proposed circuit employs a single CR-SOA, thereby eliminating distortions caused by cascading nonlinear elements. Performance analysis is conducted by varying one wavelength while keeping the other constant to reflect real-world contention scenarios. Additionally, this study examines how the quality factor of the contention detection circuit varies with the frequency difference between the original signal and the contending signal, providing a novel perspective on performance variation under dynamic frequency conditions. The results demonstrate the circuit's effectiveness across varying input power levels, data rates, and CR-SOA parameters, offering a streamlined and resource-efficient solution for contention detection.

ABSTRACTThe proposed article offered a closely packed circularly polarized MIMO antenna system for a 5G NR n48/n78 communication system. The design consists of an E‐shaped antenna with modified arms along with shorting pins, and the edge‐to‐edge distance between the radiator is 0.2 mm. The proposed design offers isolation from 15 dB(minimum) to 47.35 dB(maximum) in the range of 3.3 to 3.9 GHz with a peak gain of 4.2 dBi. The uniqueness of this design here is the surface current cancellation technique within the design space of this E‐shaped antenna, which decouples the radiators with high compaction and reduces complexities. To verify the design, the diversity parameters, efficiency, radiation pattern, in‐hand performance, and SAR (specific absorption rate) are calculated, and the results are in good agreement with the measured results. From the above analysis, we can conclude that the proposed closely packed circularly polarized MIMO design can be a good candidate for 5G mobile communication.

In this paper a metamaterial loaded UWB MIMO operating in C and X band is presented. The proposed design uses hexagonal fractal structure with partial ground plane to achieve UWB characteristics. The design is utilized for four element MIMO to offer better diversity performance with relevant compactness. The isolation between orthogonally placed MIMO elements is achieved below -15dB in entire resonance band from 6 GHz to 12 GHz with inter-element separation of 0.33λg giving the overall dimension of 93mm x 93mm x 1.6mm. The isolation is further enhanced by using a single negative (SNG) metamaterial with MIMO. The obtained results were verified by fabricating the proposed design in low-cost FR-4 showing the resonance from 6-12 GHz with good impedance matching and isolation below -30 dB in entire resonating band. The uniqueness of the proposed design is much less volume despite the metamaterial superstrate placed 1.5 mm above the MIMO. The 2D radiation pattern for E field and H field co and cross polarization shows more co-polarization and less cross polarization with almost omnidirectional radiation pattern.

The present work represents polarization reconfigurable MIMO antenna which is design to work at 2.4 GHz (WLAN) and C band application. An inverted U-shaped slot and two PIN diodes per radiator are incorporated in the circular patch antenna to achieve polarization reconfigurability between Linear and Circular polarization (RHCP or LHCP). A simple rectangular strip is utilized between the radiators to achieve isolation improvement from -14 dB to -22dB in the proposed design. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) 2018 is used to design and validate the polarization reconfigurable MIMO antenna with sufficient isolation. Surface current distribution, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and Diversity Gain (DG) and axial ratio are calculated using simulation software and used to validate circularly polarized MIMO design’s diverse behavior. The design is fabricated in low-cost FR-4 material and measurement is done to verify the simulation results. The measurement results show close agreement with simulated results and proves that the proposed design can be a better candidate for WLAN and C band application with polarization reconfiguration properties.

Designing and developing smart antennas with adaptive radiation characteristics is an integral part for present-day communication systems. The versatile capabilities of Time-modulated fourth-dimensional (4D) antenna arrays can provide that crucial adaptability if properly designed. This work discusses an effective analysis of 4D antenna arrays to achieve less-attenuating radiation patterns with simultaneously suppressed sidelobe and sidebands. The 4D arrays offer an additional benefit over standard arrays in the sense that the requisite amplitude tapering to lower the undesired radiations can be accomplished by controlling only the switch ON times of the radiating elements instead of using attenuators. The idea of splitting pulses by keeping the total switch ON durations constant, is exploited here as an additional degree of freedom for beamforming of all the radiation patterns. The unwanted radiations in terms of sidelobes as well as sideband radiations (SRs) at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, respectively are simultaneously minimized to improve the radiation efficiencies of the 4D array. To address the conflicting aims for the synthesis of radiation patterns, a wavelet-mutation based heuristic method is also proposed. The multi-objective problem in hand is modulated in to a single objective cost function as minimization problem. The proposed outcomes are reported and compared with other state of the art works related to the same domain. Furthermore, a detailed statistical analysis is also provided to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach.

With the aid of cutting-edge technology that makes life easier and more accessible, the world has changed through time to become a better place. With home automation, a number of the home’s components may be controlled remotely. The primary goal of building a wireless, low-cost home automation smart control system was to provide the security, reduce power consumption and enable automated control from a distance. Home automation is a useful concept and offers a number of advantages, including improved comfort and quality of life as well as security in every house by enabling users to manage electrical devices with their fingers within its range. It makes use of the microcontroller, and Wi-Fi is utilized for connection with the application. The paper is exploring the cloud connectivity with embedded board to perform the home automation system along with security based on the basic protocols of IOT. This manuscript proposed a home automation system for intelligent lighting, gas detection, plant watering system, water tank monitoring and password-based home security system. Developed system includes ready-to-deploy software and real-time HTTP and MQTT protocols monitoring through smartphones or PCs.

This manuscript provides a comprehensive exploration of quantum computing and communication’s foundational elements, employing Qiskit—an open-source quantum computing framework. It delves into the simulation of fundamental quantum blocks and the intricacies of two-qubit entanglement, presenting findings through graphical analyses. The discussion extends to quantum logic gates, including X, Y, Z and CNOT. This study not only examines the construction and application of quantum circuits. The simulation with Qiskit programming presents the basic quantum circuits and its outcomes after measurement.

In this paper, carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifiers (CR-SOAs) are utilized for the first time in designing an all-optical 2 × 1 multiplexer with enable function, operating at 120 Gb/s. Traditional SOAs face challenges with slow carrier recovery, restricting their application in high-speed scenarios. CR-SOA, with a carrier reservoir near the active region, replenishes carriers quickly, enabling faster gain and phase recovery. For the first time, a 2 × 1 multiplexer with an enable input is proposed, adding flexibility and control for dynamic data routing in optical systems. Basic gates such as AND, OR, and NOT gates have been designed using this multiplexer, with the enable input enhancing their versatility. The performance of the multiplexer and gates is evaluated using metrics like quality factor, extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and eye opening factor. The quality factor is analyzed concerning parameters such as amplified spontaneous emission, data rate, carrier transition time, and injection current. Simulation results confirm the functionality of the 2 × 1 multiplexer and logic gates, demonstrating satisfactory performance at high data rates.

This paper introduced automated detection and analysis of lunar craters are crucial for advancing lunar research and facilitating mission planning. This study introduces a comprehensive multi-scale approach for crater detection on the lunar surface using LROC (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera) Dataset, enabling the identification of craters across varying scales and enhancing overall detection accuracy and efficiency. The process involves preprocessing lunar imagery to enhance features and delineate potential crater regions, utilizing edge detection algorithms to extract crater boundaries. Clustering techniques are then applied to group similar edge points and isolate potential crater candidates. A thresholding mechanism based on statistical edge intensity analysis refines the detection process. To address multiple detections of the same crater at slightly different diameters, radius criteria are implemented, yielding high diameter accuracy of 84% for mare Imbrium (test site 1) and 80% for mare Nubium (test site 2). Subsequently, a depth-diameter analysis validates crater-like characteristics by combining depth measurements with crater diameter estimation, showcasing the authenticity of potential craters. we compare our diameter and depth with different reference papers and we get high accuracy of R2 =0.99 then other methods. The results highlight the potential of this multi-scale approach for automated lunar crater detection, providing deeper insights into the Moon's surface morphology and history for future lunar exploration missions.

Emulating the neuronal architecture of the brain, neuromorphic computing improves efficiency and speed for AI activities such as classification of images and other uses.We employed quantized neural networks (QNNs) to perform image classification tasks by integrating neuromorphic computing with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology. Quantized models provide reduced computational requirements and enhanced operational speed on FPGAs. At first, the RESNET (Residual Neural Network) is trained and fine-tuned using the transfer learning approach. By employing the uniform quantization process, the data is converted into a QNN (quantized neural network). The quantized model is matched to FPGA capabilities via customized units and interconnects. The implementation is validated against the original model, and empirical evidence shows that it outperforms existing image classification tasks in accuracy.

F1 is the top engineering, strategy, and driving class. Early on, F1 prioritises beauty and data science. Teams examine massive car construction, racing strategy, and performance data after each race to dominate. The study emphasises F1 business intelligence. Historical and real-time data help teams improve vehicle performance, make strategic choices, and anticipate race results. Additional sports technology and racing consequences are considered. It considers F1 economically significant because to its worldwide appeal, high pricing, meaningful contributions, and vehicle upgrades. Race analysis follows pre-race checks and performance data processing. Demands real-time processing and analysis to maximise data use. F1's competitive data visualisation and analysis tools are contrasted. Decision-making, data analysis Supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement, and deep learning tests. Predictive maintenance, performance modelling, and failure detection benefit from supervised learning, including regression and classification. Race clustering and outlier identification are unsupervised.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in combination with the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system, taking into consideration the robust fading channel circumstances that are characterized by considerable variations in signal quality. This study examines the susceptibility of the system to various variables that impact channel impairments and the achievable data rate. It is assumed that the fading connections, which are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), adhere to Nakagami-m distributions. These links also have successive interference cancellation (SIC) errors, and the channel coefficients exhibit temporal variability. The variables examined in this research include the transmission power of the base station (BS), the presence of imprecise channel state information (CSI), the number of antennas used at the BS, and the power ratio assigned to NOMA users. To assess the efficacy of the system, the conventional time division multiple access (TDMA) approach has been chosen as a means of comparing the performance of the two users inside each beam. The results of the simulations also show that MIMO-NOMA systems have a higher channel capacity than traditional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) systems. This study utilizes a comprehensive dataset to demonstrate the congruence between the analytical findings and the simulation outcomes.

The urge of modern communication system is to design and development of the smart antennas with adaptive radiation characteristics. The multifold capabilities of fourth-dimensional antenna arrays can cater that much needed adaptiveness if properly designed. Compared to the conventional arrays, the fourth-dimensional arrays have one added advantage as the 'Time' of all the switched-on antenna elements can be managed to generate the required amplitude and phase tapering without even using attenuators and phase shifters. However, one inherent limitation of fourth-dimensional control parameter is the generation of harmonics or sidebands. This article proposes various means of radiation pattern synthesis in fourth-dimensional linear antenna arrays with pulse shifting, pulse splitting, and a combination of both. First of all, the pulse splitting and shifting techniques are combinedly proposed by reducing the sidelobe levels and sideband levels of the beamforming antenna arrays to enhance directivities and efficiencies. Then, this mathematical proposition of the direction finding fourth-dimensional arrays is developed. Finally, broad nulls over a specific angle of arrival region are created for jamming and interference mitigation. For all these cases, the sidelobe level and the unwanted higher-order sideband levels are suppressed to reduce the unwanted interferences and power losses. The optimal time schemes for all the synthesized patterns are generated by proposing a chaos-based soft computing algorithm. The radiofrequency signals at each radiating array element are processed by the optimal time schemes proposed for specific applications. The outcomes are validated and compared with other state-of-the-art works of this domain to prove the competency of the proposed work. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons presented for beamforming array is aimed for a good improvement over other reported works by targeting ultralow (less than -40 dB) sidelobe and sideband levels. For direction-finding array, the proposed idea has also targeted ultralow sidelobes for the main as well as steered beam patterns. Furthermore, the null placement over a region has been aimed to cover more area for jamming and sidelobe reduction for interference mitigation. Overall, the optimal designs proposed for these advanced applications are beneficial for cutting-edge communication systems.

A hexagonal shaped repeated loop structure with reconfigurable ground stub technique is proposed for ultra-wideband (UWB) application. Effects of repeated loops in the fractal structure and position of reconfigurable ground stub are optimized for ultra-wideband characteristics with better performance of the antenna. Two PIN diodes are used in the ground stub to achieve reconfigurability. The proposed fractal antenna is designed with FR4 substrate with an overall dimension of 40×44×1.6 mm 3 . The design shows frequency reconfiguration from Ultra-wideband characteristics to multiband for different possible switching conditions. The entire design is carried out in CST 2018 environment and the simulated results show that the proposed design is suitable for sub 6GHz wireless LAN, Bluetooth, WiMAX and other wireless applications.

The paper proposes the extension of three different one-dimensional OCDMA codes into three-dimension OCDMA system for improved performance. The three distinct codes are the non-mapping, MS, and MD. The extensions are such that spectral domain utilises the non-mapping code, time spreading uses the MS code, and spatial domains extend with MD code. The decoder uses the MAI cancellation method to retrieve the information by correlating the codes. In the performance analysis, the impact of phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN), shot noise, and thermal noise is considered. The performance of the proposed system has been evaluated and compared with other reported systems such as 3D-MD, 3D-DEU/DEU/MD, and 2D-MS code. The arrangement of three codes in three dimensions is such that, results improved the system performance. The proposed system accommodates 300 users with a BER of 10–10, while 3D-DEU/DEU/MD, 3D-MD, and 2D-MS codes accommodate 240, 220, and 128 users, respectively. For received power of − 10 dBm, the proposed system shows a BER of 10–71, while 3D-DEU/DEU/MD, 3D-MD, and 2D-MS codes show BERs of 10–40, 10–30, and 10–9, respectively. The performance of the proposed system is also analysed for variable weights.

Beamforming and beam scanning in a specific angular region for establishing a secure communication channel has become the dire need of modern wireless communication system. This paper aims to propose an unconventional yet cost effective solution for beamforming and scanning by controlling the inherent sideband patterns of time-modulated antenna arrays. First of all, beam scanning with different scan angles is targeted by proposing asymmetric sequential time schemes. To achieve that, the phase center of the array is unidirectionally shifted by controlling a cluster of array elements. The idea is to model suitable pulse-shifted time schemes so that a good scanning coverage can be achieved without affecting the shapes of the radiation beam patterns. In this way, simultaneous bidirectional sideband patterns can be controlled for beam scanning. Furthermore, beamforming with enhanced efficiency for single channel secure communication is also addressed in this work by reducing the sideband levels (SBLs) of the array. The same concept of shifting the phase center unidirectionally is used for reducing the SBL, but with a higher number of clusters of array elements. The mathematical validation behind the proposed idea is thoroughly discussed and the closed-form sideband power expression is derived after investigating all possible combinations of pulse-shifted time schemes. 16-element linear timed arrays have been chosen to investigate the proposed idea and the supportive outcomes are presented in detail with comparisons.

A hexagon-shaped fractal ultra-wideband (UWB) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna is proposed in this paper for S (2 GHz to 4 GHz) and C (4 GHz to 8 GHz) band applications.The proposed design consists of two microstrip fed radiating elements of dimension 82 × 44 × 1.6 mm 3 .One rectangular stub and four resistance loaded stubs are introduced in the ground plane to reduce the mutual coupling between the radiators.These decoupling structures reduce the notches and enhance the isolation from -5 dB to -20 dB for the entire frequency range from 2.3 to 7.4 GHz.The performance characteristics and diversity parameters are also investigated which show the values of ECC < 0.004, DG > 9.96, CCL < 0.4, and MEG < 3 dB, and it is concluded that the proposed design is a good candidate for UWB MIMO antenna.The proposed design is fabricated and tested which shows the close agreement between the simulated and measured results.

The advancement in wireless communication is fueling the growth of innovative antenna array designs toward cost-effective and performance-oriented solutions. This paper proposed unconventional methods to design antenna arrays for multi-pattern synthesis without using attenuators or phase shifters. A low-cost alternative is proposed with “Time-modulation”-based antenna array capable of electronic scanning and beam steering. Here, “Time” is utilized as a fourth-dimensional (4D) array parameter, and that is why “Time-modulated” arrays are also called as 4D antenna arrays. The idea is to control the high-speed switch attached with each antenna periodically to produce desirable current and phase tapering. This article expanded the “Time-modulation” concept to synthesize multiple radiation patterns like monopulse patterns, scanned beam patterns, shaped beam patterns, and cosecant-squared beam patterns for multifunctional radar systems. Suitable time schemes are developed to generate the narrowband sum–difference patterns useful for monopulse radars. Simultaneous scanned beam patterns are also proposed for narrowband communication. Furthermore, to address the wideband applications, shaped flat-top beam patterns and cosecant-squared beam patterns are also proposed. In this regard, 20- and 16-element “Time-modulated” linear array antennas are developed, and the parameters of the arrays are controlled by suitably designed objective functions with quasi-Newton method (QNM)-based memetic optimization method. For this purpose, first a well-known genetic algorithm is adopted to search the potential trust regions in the exploration stage and QNM is used for fine-tuning. Furthermore, the Broyden’s good method-based direction-updating equation is used with QNM to improve the performance.