The enrolment and the attendance in public primary schools in Nigeria keep going down every year and the statistics of out-of-school children growing. This led to the introduction of School Feeding Programme (SFP) in all the states of the federation. It is believed that SFP can improve enrolment, attendance as well as completion rate of primary education, if well utilised. However, these can only be achieved through proper implementation of SFP. Hence, this study examines the quality of implementation of SFP in Osun and Oyo states of Nigeria. The study adopted triangulation design of mixed methods. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 90 primary school teachers, 75 parents and the State Coordinator of SFP from each state. Three self-designed research instruments were used for data collection namely; Perception of Parents about Quality SFP (0.75); Perception of teachers about SFP (0.71) and State Coordinator of SFP Interview guide. Five research questions were answered. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results show that in Osun State, there is equal access to school meal among all primary classes I to IV pupils while Oyo State feeds primary I to III and some schools are not receiving meal at all. Both states are still struggling with quality and quantity of food for pupils, though report from Osun State shows better quality. There are fair community inputs in SFP in Osun State while this was found low in Oyo State. Qualitative data showed that overall success of the programme is at an average level in Osun State while it is low in Oyo State. It was recommended that Oyo state government should endeavour to improve the quality of implementation of SFP by adopting some of the strategies used in Osun States so as to attract learners and produce the expected results.

his study investigates the effects of the concept mapping instructional strategy on Senior Secondary School students’ performance in Home Economics in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The study adopted the pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design approach. The participants are made up of 199 students selected from the total population of all SS2 Home Economics students in Akure South Local Government Area during the 2022/2023 session. The participants were given pre-tests, post-tests, and retention tests after two weeks. Five major research questions and null hypotheses were raised, answered, and tested. Independent t-test analyses revealed the following: Students taught using the concept mapping strategy performed better than those taught with the conventional method and equally performed better in the two-week retention test. Female students performed better than male students. There is no significant difference in the performance of students in private schools with those in public schools. All the groups showed improved performance for the two week retention test after been taught using concept mapping strategy. The study showed that the concept mapping strategy is an appropriate method for teaching Home Economics for both male and female students. Among others, the study recommends that seminars should be organized for teachers to emphasize and encourage the use of the concept mapping strategy in teaching science and practical oriented subjects in senior secondary schools.

This paper examines the ordeals actors of SMEs face in the adoption process of Emerging Digital Marketing Technology (EDMT). A conceptual framework was proposed to capture actors that participate in EMDT and the difficulties they (themselves) pose that hinder successful adoption. However, a purposive sample of 26 participants drawn from Crunch online database, Luton were interviewed on unstructured and semi-structured bases and analyzed using a thematic approach. The interviews on the problems were coded and classified based on the actors involved in the adoption process to extend the T-O-E framework. The findings revealed that while extant problems relate to the contexts of technology, organization, and environment, the extended T-O-E framework unraveled more critical problems that are linked to the in-grained human context. Implicit is that vendors should work on decision-makers, given that some of the adoption decisions are critically and continuously influenced by the actors.

Purpose This paper aims to consolidate the state of research on information behaviour. Regardless of the scholarly surge on information behaviour using numerous models and extended ones, gaps still exist on the development of more pragmatic frameworks that explain and/or predict the information behaviour across different fragmented environmental situations. Therefore, this paper extends technology-organization-environment (T-O-E) framework and synthesizes different research positions into a multi-dimensional framework that assists small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to understand their information behaviour and to make informed decisions on the adoption of emerging information communication technology (EICT). Design/methodology/approach This study deployed an inductive approach; data were generated from unstructured and semi-structured interviews with 20 participants drawn purposively from Luton directories. Findings This study developed a more integrated framework underpinned by T-O-E framework, which helped to identify how EICT adoption is critically shaped by perceived information need, information sources selection and the factors determining information source selection. Research limitations/implications Qualitative research is normally subjective, inductive, interpretive and limited on the sample used. However, because of the limited number of interviews used, as well as industry-specific nature of the study, the generalization of the framework and the findings will be difficult, hence, the need to test the framework on a broader population and cross-context testing. Originality/value The T-O-E framework is extended to Expectancy (T-O-E-E) to provide a more robust insight into information behaviour of SMEs from a multi-dimensional perspective. It also offers a more analytical framework for exploring critical issues identified and demonstrates the capacity to provide a reliable explanation to the findings. Further, it serves as a tool for assessing the benefits or challenges of SMEs information behaviour especially on the EICT adoption decision.

Extant scholarly inquiries focused predominantly on the influence of demographic physiognomies of SMEs' owner-managers on MMT adoption, with dearth recourse to how the proxies of location factors such as workforce diversity and knowledge centres moderate and describe such relationship. To bridge that void, opinions of 345 SMEs' owner-managers in five industries situated in the state capital and commercial nerve cities of three Geo-political zones of Nigeria were purposively sampled. The analysis involved hierarchical regression and its outcome showed that diversified workforce and enhanced knowledge centres critically moderated the extant relationship between the demographic composition (age, gender, education and experience) of owner-managers and MMT adoption. Hence, location factors are moderators of the relationship between owner/managers' demographic composition and MMT adoption. Implicit is that understanding the demographic composition of owner-managers provides industry players with strong basis for competitive advantage, as well as opportunity to proactively and tactically make decisions that relate to MMT adoption.

Although studies have made significant efforts to study information behaviour using numerous model and extended ones, many have extrapolated the findings of others as if small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operate in the same way other sectors do. This has slowed down the development of an integrated framework aimed at understanding the information behaviour of SMEs. The paper, examines information behaviour of SMEs by explicitly exploring the determinants of perceived information need for EICT adoption by SMEs, information source selection for EICT adoption by SMEs and factors influencing information sources selection for new ICT adoption by SMEs. Qualitative approach was adopted with the use of unstructured and semi-structured interviews with 20 participants drawn purposeful from Luton directories. The study developed an integrated framework underpinned by the TOE framework and helped identify the critical determinants of perceived information need, information sources selection when the need for EICT arises and factors influencing SMEs information source selection for EICT adoption decision-making.

While the acceptance and use of mobile marketing technology (MMT) is playing a significant roles in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), few studies have explored how an appropriate framework for understanding the underlying factors that shape MMT adoption in Nigeria can be developed. This is because majority of practitioners in Nigeria often generalize and extend the findings from the developed economies as if there are no environmental differences. This paper attempts to propose a grounded theory approach for assessing factors within technology-organisation-environment (T-O-E) framework in attempt to explain and predict small service firms’ adoption of MMT. The data collection approach spans unstructured and semi-structured interviews with 26 respondents; and the proposed framework provides an organized way to explore MMT adoption, and a foundation for developing a model of MMT adoption in developing country.

Effective implementation of organisational strategy is considered a major tool for facilitating firm performance and global competitiveness. However, most academic discussions and debates in existing literature have limited the discourse of strategy implementation in profit-oriented organisations, particularly in the Nigerian context. Therefore, this study explored the impact of the constructs of organisational strategy and performance of a faith-based organisations. A survey of 297 respondants constitute the population for this study. The research study is descriptive in nature, and it adopted a mixed method research design. A simple regression analysis was utilized for the analysis of the completed questionnaire. Also, thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative interview. The result shows that personality of the employees significantly influences member satisfaction. Therefore, this study recommends that faith-based organisations must ensure that their organisations consistently provide training for employees in order accommodate people irrespective of their peculiarities.

This paper attempts to examine mobile marketing technology adoption research and practice in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from an evolutionary and dynamic process perspective using the concept of dynamic capabilities (CDCs). This study adopted a qualitative method to explore how small services oriented SMEs regularly engage in mobile marketing technology adoption. Two stages of interviews (unstructured and semi-structured) were carried out with a total of 26 interviewees. The data collected from the interviews were analysed using a thematic approach to understand the evolutionary and dynamic nature of the mobile marketing technology adoption process, entities involved and how they interact. The findings revealed the reiterative and the evolutionary nature of mobile marketing technology adoption and the continuous interactions and negotiations of numerous entities in the process, underpinned by the concept of dynamic capabilities and validated by the empirical data. The study developed a framework depicting the process of mobile marketing technology adoption, significant activities and entities involved in the process. The study advances mobile marketing technology adoption research and practice by developing a framework that describes the interactive, dynamic and evolutionary nature of mobile marketing technology adoption, entities associated with the framework and their interactions in the process.

The significant changes taking place in the world have offered new opportunities for male and female-owned businesses. This study investigated the impact of entrepreneurship education and venture intention of female engineering students in Nigeria. A descriptive research design was used. Copies of the questionnaire were distributed to collect quantitative data on the link between entrepreneurship education and venture intentions of Landmark university female engineering students. The sample size for this study was determined based on the entire population of 32. This study used purposive random sampling techniques for the selection of the respondent. Hence, each participant was given an equal chance of being chosen from the population in no particular order. Regression analysis was used to analyse the stated hypotheses through a statistical package for social science (SPSS). The findings revealed that effective implementation of entrepreneurship education elements stimulate students’ entrepreneurial activities, particularly among female engineering students. This study advanced knowledge and concluded that entrepreneurship education elements such as pedagogy, educators’ competence, and learning environment have a significant impact on venture intention.

Most researches on psychological contract are conducted in the banking sector while limited local enquiries focused on the experiences of the survivor-managers in developing economy particularly in Nigeria. This study therefore, examines the cultural factors influencing PC experiences and responses among survivor-managers in Nigeria. The study adopted a qualitative approach and more specifically interviews. Data were analysed using empirically driven thematic analysis. The findings revealed that; unemployment, values of dependency, corruption, family obligations, beliefs, spirituality among others shape attitudes and responses of the survivor-managers' with respect to downsizing exercise. Therefore, human resource managers who are part of the downsizing exercise should embrace open and transparent process as well as being sensitive to the wellbeing of the victims and survivors to reduce the negative psychological contract experiences and responses among Survivor-managers. In addition, the research created awareness on the need to diversify research in terms of methods adopted.

Purpose Although several researchers have made significant efforts to examine the adoption of social media marketing technology in Nigeria, many have focussed on large organizations while others have constantly extrapolated the findings obtained in the Western world as if small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have the same structure, managerial capabilities, and operate in the same way. This has hindered the development of an integrated framework aimed at unravelling the factors shaping the adoption of social media marketing applications in SMEs in Nigeria. The paper, therefore, aims to explore some antecedent factors that shape SMEs adoption of social media marketing applications in SMEs in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The study deployed a qualitative approach with the use of unstructured and semi-structured interviews with a total of 20 participants drawn purposeful from Nigeria directories and analysed by using a hybrid method of thematic analysis. Findings The study developed an extended technology–organization–environment framework (TOE) framework that incorporated the communication context, which aids in identifying 11 key success factors shaping SMEs adoption of social media marketing technology in Nigeria. The findings associated with the extended TOE framework show that they have an impact on social media marketing technology adoption in SMEs. Research limitations/implications Because the researchers adopted the qualitative method, the findings may lead to some bias in the analysis of the data which may limit the insights into the key factors shaping the adoption of social media marketing technology adoption. Future studies may adopt a mixed-method approach or a comparative approach to confirm the finding and to better understand the critical factors linked to the framework. Although it is believed the with the use of thematic data analysis, the results are well associated with the structure; however, the structure has limitations. Drawing from the data analysis, the factors are limited. Other factors which may positively influence social media marketing adoption in SMEs. Hence, further studies are needed in this area in a bid to explore these factors by using different research appraoches. Originality/value The study has enriched the existing TOE framework and provided insights into the dominant issue faced by SMEs in adopting social media marketing technology, provided an analytical dimension, reliable explanation of these finding and tool for evaluating some of the challenges faced by SMEs in the adoption of social media marketing technology.

Most micro-business managers in Nigeria do not see the adoption of digital marketing technology (DMT) as vital for business. Many consider it as a precondition to support managerial or operational activities, not as a tactical and/or strategic tool. Although most studies focused on large organisations, the outcome of such research may not be appropriate to micro-businesses. This is informed by the negligence of micro-businesses' idiosyncrasies and their thought of digitalization as a precondition for managerial activities without considering the value small businesses attached to these devices in terms of aiding the use as strategic tools. This renders micro-businesses' digitalization an under-reflected phenomenon. Yet, studies spend less on examining the factors that specifically stimulate the value micro-businesses attach to these applications, leading to constant adoption and usage. Hence, there is a need for a thorough exploration of the factors that shape the value of digital marketing applications in micro-businesses in Nigeria. The study is qualitative in nature and interviews (unstructured and semi-structured) were carried out with 26 micro-businesses which was drawn purposefully from the online database and underpinned by Technology, Organisation and Environment (TOE) framework. The study revealed eleven (11) critical success factors stimulating value micro-businesses attribute to digital marketing technology (DMT) adoption. These factors include long-term functional capacity, integration capacity, expansion capacity which are related to technology context. Collective capability, collaborative experience are linked to the organisation context while adaptive training, service delivery, customer fulfilment are linked to environmental context. The study also unveiled expectancy context which is linked to budget, growth and profitability and aid in the extension of the TOE framework. This study will be of importance to academics and practitioners because it provides further awareness into DMT adoption framework, factors critical to the DMT adoption and may assist in reducing the number of resources spent in search of information aimed at helping DMT adoption by micro-businesses.

A substantial number of factors have been examined on the potentials of SMEs to exploit mobile marketing devices to achieve a competitive edge. However, the limited scholarly investigation has focused on the demographic characteristics of top executives of SMEs and how the location moderates the interaction between the demographic structure of SMEs' executives and the rate of mobile marketing technology adoption, particularly in the south-west of Nigeria where adoption of these devices are slow. The research examines the effects of demographic factors of top SME executives on mobile marketing technology adoption in Ekiti State Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaires and responses of 230 SMEs were drawn randomly from a population of 620 registered SMEs operating in 6 different industries located in different towns in Ekiti State, South-West Geo-Political Zone, Nigeria. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyse the data. Results revealed that the experience, age, and educational attainment of top SMEs' executives were statistically significant, and the location of the firm significantly moderated mobile marketing technology adoption. Gender also affected mobile marketing technology adoption among SMEs.

Despite the importance of psychological wellbeing of survivors to the attainment of the envisaged goal of the downsizing practice, research on this group of workers is still limited particularly in Nigeria. The study aims at exploring the psychological impact of downsizing on survivor managers in Nigeria using a qualitative research approach. More specifically, unstructured and semi-structured interviews were carried out at different stages with a total of 20 interviewees. Data were analyzed and coded using a data-driven thematic analysis. The finding revealed that anxiety, a feeling of uncertainty, insecurity of job, reduction in individual motivation and poor communication influenced the survivors negatively. These negative psychological and emotional impact exhibited by the survivor employees are linked to lack of jobs, high rate of unemployment, and lack of social security and culture. The outcome of the study would provide implications for human resources managers in Nigeria who often deal with downsizing and engaged in psychological contract breach.

In developing world, most decisions by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to adopt social media marketing technology (SMMT) rely heavily on study findings from the Western World without much recourse to cross-context differences in structure and managerial capabilities. Thus, the lack of inquiries that provide complete guideline on the adoption of SMMT in developing economies hinders the development of integrated framework(s) that explains MSMEs’ successful adoption. The study used technology–organization–environment (T-O-E) framework as the theoretical basis to examine the critical factors that stimulate MSMEs adoption of SMMT in Nigeria. The adopted methodological choice was qualitative, involving interviews with 20 participants selected from the online directories via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. However, thematic analysis was the data treatment technique; and the study extended the T-O-E framework to provide an understanding into the dominant factors that specifically influence MSMEs’ adoption, without losing sight of vendors who would rely on the extended framework to get audiences continually satisfied.

In this study, we examine the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the financial performance of Nigerian listed deposit banks. We collected secondary data from the annual reports and accounts of 14 banks between 2010 and 2017. We employed the Tobin Q quantitative method for the analysis. We adopted the theoretical framework of pecking order theory since the analysis of the impact of FDI on the financial performance of these banks are both inward and outward FDI. The Tobin Q method was used as the dependent variable and FDI as an independent variable. Board size, firm size, equity capital and reinvested earnings were all financial performance indicators employed to test the impact of FDI on the financial performance of the banks on understudy in Nigeria. The result of the data analysis and findings showed that FDI had contributed positively to the development and performance of the deposit banks over the period under consideration. Our theoretical findings suggest a positive relationship between FDI and profit maximization. This support the FDI theory that banks or organisations are financed partly with debt-equity, both used by the banks to balance the cost and benefit financing decisions by the management. In the case of the empirical findings, the results of hypothesis testing show a significant effect on the banks’ financial performances. Given these results, we conclude that FDI has made a positive impact on the development and financial performances of the listed deposit banks under study which resulted in some of the banks’ growth from local banks in Nigeria into some of the leading international banks in Africa.

This paper examines critical success factors shaping the adoption of digital marketing devices (DMD) by micro-businesses. The study adopted a qualitative approach. Both unstructured and semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 26 micro-businesses drawn purposefully from the online database and underpinned by technology, organisation and environment (TOE) framework. This helped to unravel 14 critical success factors influencing the adoption of DMD by micro-businesses in Nigeria. These factors include functional capability, adaptive capacity and expandability which are related to technology context. Collective understanding, degree of partnership and diversity of information are linked to the organisation context while the level of training, quality of service delivery, customer fulfilment and intense competition are associated with environmental context. The study expanded the TOE framework by unravelling the impact expectancy context which is associated with factors, such as budget, business expansion, diversity and return on investment. This study will be of importance to academics and practitioners because it provides further awareness into DMD adoption framework, factors critical to the DMD adoption and may assist in reducing the number of resources spent in search of information aimed at helping DMD adoption by micro-businesses.

While research into the adoption of e-learning in Nigeria has mainly focused on its use in public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), there is still a lack of research on factors affecting students’ use of e-learning in private HEIs in Nigeria. This study, therefore, explores factors influencing the use of e-learning by students in private HEIs in Nigeria using Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework. We use a data collection method encompassing semi-structured interviews with 15 students from L-University drawn purposefully from the Landmark directory and a hybrid thematic analysis to analyse the data. Our findings reveal that technology-related factors (ease of use, speed accessibility and service delivery), organisation-related factors (training support and diversity), environment-related factors (attitudes of the users) and impact-related factors (learning experience, skill development, academic performance, and degree of engagement) influence the students’ adoption of e-learning facilities. We develop an extended TOE framework that integrates the impact context which considers the students likely expectations if these facilities are fully adopted and implemented. The study also unveils techniques that may accelerate the development of e-learning structure in private HEIs and which could provide the opportunity of assisting communities of learners to adopt and use e-learning facilities regularly.

The article examined “managing diversity for organizational efficiency.” It sought to find out the extent to which diversity management influences organizational efficiency through the management of conflict, cultural diversity, and employees’ perception of marginalization as well as teamwork and employee work attitude. The survey design was employed. A sample of 178 respondents from nine multinational companies in south-south Nigeria was employed. Research data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, with diversity management and organizational efficiency serving as latent variables. The results show that the management of cultural diversity, employees’ perception of marginalization, and conflict significantly influences diversity management. Furthermore, diversity management and teamwork significantly influence organizational efficiency. The need for managers of diverse workforces to give priority to diversity management, to ensure its effective implementation, was suggested, among others.