In this study, the thrust force of the flat type linear induction motor (LIM) was calculated by using the finite element analysis (FEA) of the frequency domain solver(FDS) method using the assumption that all physical quantities are the sinusoidal functions of the same frequency. For the analysis model of a simple linear induction motor adopting the concept of current sheet, a FEA using a time domain solver method(TDS), which can include the movement of objects and various frequency components, is performed. Through this, it was confirmed that the analysis error of the FDS is caused by the spatial harmonics component included in the moving magnetic field of the air gap. Finally, the thrust force of a flat type LIM of a specific specification was calculated using a FDS and a TDS, respectively. And the analysis result and analysis time between two analysis methods were compared. In addition, the analysis error and analysis time between the two methods were compared quantitatively while changing key design parameters such as air gap length and pole pitch. Through this, the feasibility study of the design of the flat type LIM using the FDS method is examined.

The rare earth output is concentrated in limited number of countries including China. Also the necessity for development of non-rare earth motor is getting signified due to the rapid increase of rare earth price and resource weaponizing policies. Non-rare earth motor is generally designed as spoke type PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) in order to maximize the power density. Such spoke type PMSM has advantage in concentrating the flux but demonstrates lower efficiency compared to permanent magnet using Nd (Neodymium) permanent magnet. Therefore, applications with strong necessity for efficiency need rotor structure having improved efficiency compared to spoke type PMSM. Hence, this study suggested fan-shape type PMSM with somewhat lower power density but maximized efficiency. Fan-shape type PMSM is a rotor shape demonstrating outstanding reduction of iron loss compared to existing spoke type. Thus, this study analyzed the improvement of efficiency and reduction of loss arising from the suggested shape through parameter calculation.

This Paper analyzes the characteristics of the WRSM in high-speed operation range. To verify the control characteristics of various WRSM models, the relative position of the central point of current limit circle and voltage limit ellipse is defined as M value and 3 models according to M-max value are designed through inductance change. Through the designed models, the current control method of 3-variables control for maximum power especially in high-speed operation range is presented.

The railway system requires safety and reliability of service of all railway vehicles. Suitable technical systems and working methods adapted to it, which meet the requirements on safety and good order of traffic, should be maintained. For detection of defects, non-destructive testing methods - which should be quick, reliable and cost-effective - are most often used. Since failure in railway wheelset can cause a disaster, regular inspection of defects in wheels and axles are mandatory. Ultrasonic testing, acoustic emission and eddy current testing method and so on regularly check railway wheelset in service. However, it is difficult to detect a crack initiation clearly with ultrasonic testing due to noise echoes. It is necessary to develop a non-destructive technique that is superior to conventional NDT techniques in order to ensure the safety of railway wheelset. In the present paper, the new NDT technique is applied to the detection of surface defects for railway wheelset. To detect the defects for railway wheelset, the sensor for defect detection is optimized and the tests are carried out with respect to surface and internal defects each other. The results show that the surface crack depth of 1.5 ㎜ in press fitted axle and internal crack in wheel could be detected by using the new method. The ICFPD method is useful to detect the defect that initiated in railway wheelset.

In the past, most analysis of eddy-current brakes published used 2D FEM analysis or analytic method. However, analytic computation or 2D FEM analysis of the braking force is impossible without major simplification of the phenomena. Especially complex geometry such as slit of disc cannot be fully considered by 2D FEM analysis. In this paper, the influence of slit construction upon the performance of eddy-current brake is considered by 3D FEM.

The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) was the first described mammalian lectin that mediates the specific binding and internalization of galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-terminating glycoproteins by hepatic parenchymal cells. H1 and H2 are known as essential subunits of the functional ASGPR. There were close similarities in ASGPR H2 subunits between cultured cell line HepG2 and normal human liver cells including identical sequences at both termini. It was therefore expected that there may be some similarities between the subunits from normal liver cells and fetal liver cells. The two subunit of human fetal liver ASGPR, designated FL-HI and FL-HS, were cloned from cDNA library by PCR and the sequences were compared with the known H1 and H2 sequences of HepG2, and the H1 sequence of normal human liver cells. The results showed that FL-HI was identical to H1 of HepG2. Whereas FL-H2 contains a 15-bp miniexon, but missing 57-bp at the near upstream from the membrane-spanning domain compared to, H2 of HepG2 and normal human liver cells indicating that FL-HB resulted from a differential splicing compared to HepG2 and normal liver cells.

In order to design synthetic peptides with potent antifungal activity but low cytotoxic activity under physiological conditions, several analogues of the previously reported cecropin A (CA)melittin (ME) hybrid peptide, CA(1-8)-ME(1-12), were synthesized. These analogues were designed by analysis of the alpha-helical wheel diagram of CA(1-8)-ME(1-12). Antifungal activities were measured by growth inhibition of the yeast Trichosporon beigelii and by hemolytic assay with human red blood cells, respectively. Substitution of Thr for Lys at position 18 and 19 of CA(1-8)-ME(1-12) caused a dramatic reduction in hemolytic activity. Two analogue peptides (analogue I and III) showed more potent antifungal and lower hemolytic activity than the original peptide. To study the antifungal mechanism of these peptides, fluorescence activated flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed with the most powerful antifungal analogue I peptide designed in the present study. As determined by propidium iodide staining, fungal cells treated with analogue I or melittin showed higher fluorescence intensity than those treated with the weak antifungal peptide, cecropin A. By confocal microscopy the analogue I was detected in the intracellular region as well as the in cell membrane. These facts suggested that the antifungal function of this novel peptide analogue acts by pore formation in the cell membrane.

The hybrid peptides, CA-ME, CA-MA and CA-BO, with the N-terminal sequence 1-8 of cecropin A and the N-terminal sequences 1-12 of melittin, magainin 2 and bombinin, respectively, have more improved antibacterial activities. CA-MA was found to have stronger antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp than other hybrid peptides and their parental peptides. In order to elucidate the relationships between the peptide structure and antifungal activity, several analogues of CA-MA or CA-BO were also designed and synthesized by the solid phase method, Antifungal activity was measured against T. reesei and T. viride, and hemolytic activity was measured by a solution method against human red blood cells. The residue 16 of CA-MA, Ser, was found to be important for antifungal activity. When the residue was substituted with Leu, antifungal activity was dramatically decreased. CA-MA, P1, P4 and P5 designed in this study showed powerful antifungal activity against T. reesei and T. viride with low hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. These hybrid peptides will be potentially useful model to further design peptides with powerful antifungal activity for the effective therapy of fungal infection and understand the mechanisms of antifungal actions of hybrid peptides.

In order to obtain a synthetic peptide with a more potent antifungal activity than magainin-2 but without hemolytic activity, four hybrid peptides were designed from the sequences of magainin 2 and cecropin A and their antifungal activities against Trichosporon beigelii were investigated. The result showed that analogue 2 and 4 exhibited better antifungal activity against T. beigelii than magainin-2 but no hemolytic activities. The peptides, therefore, could be used as models for the development of potent antifungal peptides.

Two peptides, MA-inv and MA-ME, with the sequence 10-17 of magainin 2 at their N-termini were designed and synthesized. The peptides had higher antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigatus without hemolytic activities. The minimal inhibition concentratory (MIG) values of both peptides against A. fumigatus were 5 mu g/ml, whereas those of the native peptides, magainin 2 and melittin, were 10 mu g/ml. At 3 mu g/ml, MA-inv and MA-ME inhibited the mycelium growth of A. fumigatus by 94.6% and 97.3%, respectively, whereas magainin 2 and melittin inhibited by 62.2% and 32.4%, respectively. MA-inv showed up to 80% inhibition of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan synthase activity of A. fumigatus. The peptides also showed antifungal activities for other fungi of Aspergillus sp. However, the antibiotic activities of MA-ME against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium oxysporum were more effective than those of MA-inv, suggesting that the C-terminal sequences of MA-inv and RIA-ME may also influence their antibiotic activities. These results suggest that the N-terminal sequence of the designed peptides, KKFGKAFV, is important for their antifungal activities against A. fumigatus and their C-terminal sequences are related to the organism selectivity.