The physico-chemical analysis of agricultural soil revealed a textured sandy loam at the surface (0–15 cm), with low organic carbon content (0.42%) and moderate levels of nitrogen (157 kg/ha), phosphorus (15.5 kg/ha), and potassium (112.6 kg/ha), under neutral pH conditions (pH 7.4). The chickpea variety PG-186 was used to evaluate the impact of nutrient treatments on plant performance and agroecological outcomes. Experimental findings demonstrated a significant influence of various treatments on the growth, yield, and economic returns of chickpea cultivation. The treatment comprising 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF) along with foliar application of 0.6% ZnSO₄ and 0.9% FeSO₄ at pre-flowering and pod development stages (T8) resulted in the maximum plant height (15.5 cm, 33.7 cm, 45.0 cm), dry matter accumulation (27.5 g, 245.2 g, 1006.7 g/m²), and number of branches per plant (3.47, 5.00, and 8.63) at 45, 75, and 105 Days After Sowing (DAS), respectively. This treatment also resulted in the highest grain yield (21.00 q/ha) and stover yield (38.67 q/ha), along with a maximum net return of ₹95,392/ha and a benefit-to-cost ratio of 2.32. From an ecological standpoint, this study highlights the vital role of balanced and targeted nutrient management in enhancing agroecosystem productivity while maintaining ecological balance. The integration of micronutrient foliar sprays not only boosts nutrient uptake efficiency and plant health but also reduces dependency on excessive chemical fertilizers, thereby mitigating potential negative impacts on soil ecology. Overall, the findings underscore the ecological importance of optimizing nutrient inputs in legume-based cropping systems to foster sustainable agricultural practices that align with ecological resilience, soil health preservation, and environmental stewardship.

In this paper, our main aim is to propose a group ring analogue of the well-known learning with errors problem and discuss its security. Using this novel problem, we construct IND-CPA secure public key encryption scheme and IND-CCA secure key encapsulation mechanism. We also discuss a toy example relevant to our encryption scheme

The concept of undeniable signature scheme was proposed by Chaum and Antwerpen in 1989. In this scheme, the signature can only be verified by the verifier with the co-operation of the signer. In this paper, we propose a novel undeniable signature scheme based on the structure of group ring. We consider the well studied hard problems, that is, inverse computation problem (ICP) and discrete logarithm problem (DLP) in group ring and show that under the chosen message attack, our scheme is strongly unforgeable, invisible and secure against impersonation attack. These security notions, that is, strongly unforgeability, invisibility and impersonation are defined through three different games. In order to practically realize the scheme, we discuss a case study in which we generate the signature for a message and then verify it through the verification algorithm. Finally, we compare our scheme with several other renowned schemes available in the literature and show it is efficient in terms of the total execution time.

Due to the advent of polynomial time quantum algorithms to solve well-known hard mathematical problems, various secure cryptographic primitives are vulnerable against large quantum computers. However, no such quantum algorithm is available to solve hard mathematical problems in group ring. In this paper, we present a group ring-based provably secure identity-based signature scheme (IBSS). Generally, in case of random oracle model (ROM), the response of hash function may not always be random which results in the false security of any cryptographic scheme. We show that our IBSS is secure under standard model rather than ROM and its security relies on the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption in group ring, which is a hard problem even on a quantum computer. We compare our IBSS with several other renowned schemes and show that its computational complexity is low, which makes it useful for achieving authenticity in wireless sensor networks, Internet of things, etc.

The public keys in a public key cryptosystem need not to be protected for confidentiality, however, it is important to confirm their legality.In this paper, motivated by Meshram et al. (2017), we develop a simple novel key authentication scheme for public key cryptosystems whose security rely on discrete logarithm problem in group ring.The advantage of our novel scheme is that it requires no authority unlike regular certificate based techniques.In our scheme, we consider a pair of secret key and password as the certificate of public key.We show that the security of our scheme relies on discrete logarithm problem in group ring (DLPGR).The DLPGR is an NP problem for which no known quantum algorithm exists that solves it in polynomial time.

In this study, substrates of glass were used for the deposition of transparent nanostructured thin layers of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) using a spin-coating system, and the solution was processed by sol-gel process. TiO2 sol and films were prepared with TTIP, hydrochloric acid, DI water, and ethanol. Here is the current work, these thin films were analyzed for various annealing treatments at 300 ◦C, 400 ◦C, 500 ◦C. The various attributes of films such as structural are described by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and RAMAN spectroscopy, morphology, and topography are studied by SEM and AFM, and optical properties are examined by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The direct energy bandgap estimated for the TiO2 films is 3.65ev, 3.71ev, and 3.75ev after heating at 300 ◦C- 400 ◦C- 500 ◦C. The initial crystalline phase (anatase) of TiO2 shows up after 400 ◦C for the four layers which are confirmed by XRD and RAMAN studies. At high temperatures, brookite and rutile crystalline phases are also found with the anatase phase. The attained films are translucent in the wavelength range between 380-700 nm and blurred in the 100- 380 nm range.

For most of the traditional IBEs (identity-based encryptions), security totally relies on the safekeeping of private keys. In case the private key is exposed, all the previously generated ciphertext need to be reissued. Due to increased usage of unprotected devices or mobiles, the key exposure is frequent. Therefore, it is important to mitigate the threat originated due to the key exposure in case of IBE. To deal with this issue, in this paper, we construct a novel IBE based on group ring that also provides forward security. We show that the security of our novel IBE is based on the hardness of discrete logarithm problem in group ring. Moreover, against the chosen plaintext attack, we show that it is semantically secure in random oracle model. Finally, we compare our IBE with several other existing IBEs in terms of execution cost.

Undoped and Sb-doped, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been synthesized on ordinary glass slides using the sol-gel spin coating method. The effect of variation in Sb doping concentration on structural, optical, and surface morphological characteristics of CZTS thin films has been investigated. The XRD analysis reported that these samples show a kesterite phase which is further confirmed by Raman spectra. The crystallite size for CZTS thin film samples increases from about 9 nm to 15 nm. The surface morphology of CZTS thin films has been investigated by SEM analysis. The chemical composition of existing elements has been presented by EDS analysis. The optical properties have been examined by UV-Vis spectrometer. For synthesized thin films energy band gap values vary from 1.90 eV to 1.62 eV and the refractive index varies from 2.74 to 2.85. Additionally, the high-frequency dielectric constant (ε∞) and static dielectric constant (ε0) values have been determined.

In this study, we used the sol -gel spin coating method to synthesize Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) absorber layers on common glass substrates. We investigated the morphological, optical, and structural characteristics of thin films. Various characterization techniques, including x -ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UVvisible spectroscopy, have been used to investigate these films. The XRD analysis revealed a kesterite phase with an intense peak at 28.35° representing the (112) plane. These samples have crystallite size around 5 nm, and lattice parameters a = b = 5.2 Ȧ and c = 8.5 Ȧ. A single strong peak (at 329 cm -1 ) in the Raman spectrum verifies the development of a single -phase CZTS thin film. The SEM image depicts the homogeneous, compact, and dense surface morphological thin films. The AFM 3D micrographs show spike -like structureswith average and root mean square (RMS) roughness of 0.146 nm and 0.203 nm.UV -Visible spectroscopy revealed the direct band gap energy of around 1.52 eV for CZTS thin films.With these characteristics, the fabricated CZTS films are suitable for absorber layers in photovoltaic utilization.

Multiple daily injections via subcutaneous route are the primary modes of insulin delivery for patients with Diabetes Mellitus. While this process is invasive, painful and may cause patients to develop lipohypertrophy at injection site, the perception of fear surrounding this process causes patients to delay in initiation and remain persistent with insulin therapy over time. Moreover, poor glycemic control may often lead to acute complications, such as severe hypoglycemia and nocturnal hypoglycemia, especially in older patients with diabetes. To address the imperative need for a patient-convenient non-invasive insulin therapy, an insulin-loaded arginine-coated self-emulsifying nanoglobule system (INS-LANano) was developed for nasal delivery of insulin with a biodegradable cationic surfactant—Lauroyl Ethyl Arginate (LAE). Incorporation of LAE resulted in formation of positively charged nanoglobules with L-arginine oriented on the surface. LANano enabled binding of insulin molecules on the surface of nanoglobules via an electrostatic interaction between negatively charged α-helix and LAE molecules at physiological pH. INS-LANano showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 23.38 nm with a surface charge of +0.118 mV. The binding efficiency of insulin on LANano globules was confirmed by zeta potential, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and centrifugal ultrafiltration studies. The attachment of insulin with permeation-enhancing nanoglobules demonstrated significantly higher in vitro permeability of insulin of 15.2% compared to insulin solution across human airway epithelial cell (Calu-3) monolayer. Upon intranasal administration of INS-LANano to diabetic rats at 2 IU/kg insulin dose, a rapid absorption of insulin with significantly higher Cmax of 14.3 mU/L and relative bioavailability (BA) of 23.3% was observed. Therefore, the INS-LANano formulation significant translational potential for intranasal delivery of insulin

ID 53862 Poster Board 532 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been a challenging health concern globally which transitions into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a short span of time if remains untreated. Clinically, prevalence and severity of NAFLD/NASH are higher in men than premenopausal women which still remains a puzzle speculating possible sex specific differences in pathophysiology. But if occurs, severity and progression of fatty liver disease in post-menopausal women gets more aggressive than men. Recently, formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) has caught our attention due its inflammatory responses in several organs; however, its role in the liver is unknown. Investigation of this protein became more exciting since it is more highly expressed in healthy liver of females than males possibly due to its regulation under the influence of estradiol. Obesity and fatty liver disease have a strong correlation but recently besides high fat, consumption of fructose rich western diet has been a significant contributor towards fatty liver disease development. Reason, unlike glucose, which is a ready-made source of energy, fructose is metabolized by the liver and triggers fat synthesis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the regulation of FPR2 protein in both sexes in high fructose and high fat fed male and female C57BL/6 mice. Briefly, we divided both male and female mice into four separate groups and kept on chow, chow plus high fructose, high fat, and high fat plus high fructose diet for 22 weeks. Interestingly our preliminary hematoxylin and eosin staining data clearly showed significantly severe NAFDL in male mice compared to female mice on fructose groups. Significant body weight gain and other metabolic parameters in male mice on high fructose diet compared to female mice also strengthened the fatty liver data. Further, FPR2 protein expression was measured in liver cytoplasmic fraction but showed no significant change in male mice compared to female mice. Since protein localization of FPR2 is not fully understood yet, next we will investigate FPR2 expression using membrane as well as nuclear tissue fractions. Masson9s trichrome will be performed to study a degree of fibrosis. Additionally, we will study gene expression, immunohistochemistry, and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for FPR2 in both the sexes kept on different diets. Once regulation of FPR2 is fully understood, it can be considered as a potential future target for the treatment of fatty liver disease for pre- and post-menopausal women. This research was supported by Seed Grant and Summer Support of Research internal funding award from the St. John9s University, New York.

In this paper, we present two probabilistic public key cryptosystems (PKCs) based on the well known algebraic structure of group rings. The first cryptosystem is based on McEliece cryptosystem and we coin it as McEliece-group-ring based PKC. The second PKC is the extension of Blum-Goldwasser PKC in group rings and we name it as Blum-Goldwasser-group-ring based PKC. We carefully discuss the security analysis of the proposed PKCs and their advantages over the existing PKCs. Additionally, we consider the toy examples for both the cryptosystems in order to show the practicality of both the PKCs.

The annealing temperature effects on the optical, structural, surface, and morphological characteristics of ZnO thin films were examined. The spin coating technique was utilized very carefully to create thin films of Zinc Oxide (ZnO). XRD analysis discovered the hexagonal wurtzite structure after annealing at 300, 400, and 500 °C, respectively. XRD measurements demonstrate that the ZnO thin film’s crystalline quality and grain size rise as the annealing temperature rises. With increasing annealing temperature, the optical band gap is reduced. The rising temperature improves photo voltaic application performances.

ID 53914 Poster Board 480 Despite non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) being the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, molecular mechanisms contributing to its etiology and progression are still unclear. This gap in knowledge has prevented both the understanding of its basic biology, pathogenesis, and the development of novel therapeutic agents. There are currently no FDA-approved therapies for NAFLD. A vast majority of prior studies that investigated NAFLD were performed using obese animal models since obesity and NAFLD are strongly intertwined. Therefore, the role of insulin resistance in NAFLD in non-obese has been overlooked. Interestingly, our previous study demonstrated that L-PGDS knockout mice develop insulin resistance but remain comparatively light weight despite developing fatty liver on consuming a high-fat diet. Briefly, Lipocalin Prostaglandin D2 Synthase (L-PGDS) functions as a prostaglandin synthase where it catalyzes the isomerization of PGH2 to PGD2. PGD2 regulates its physiological function through two individual G-protein coupled receptors named DP1 and DP2. This finding led us to delve into the role of L-PGDS, and precisely PGD2, in NAFLD. Since L-PGDS KO mice developed NAFLD and insulin resistance, it is crucial to understand this interplay of insulin and L-PGDS functioning. Therefore, we aimed to modulate the levels of L-PGDS to study its effect on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells are an appropriate in-vitro model to investigate insulin signaling because HepG2 show a gluconeogenic, hepatokine and lipogenic gene-expression pattern similar to the one observed in in-vivo settings. We used a plasmid expressing myc-FLAG-tagged L-PGDS to overexpress and siRNA to silence L-PGDS expression in HepG2 cells. Our data indicates that modulation of L-PGDS expression is feasible in HepG2 cells. We will determine the level of L-PGDS mRNA and protein expression in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Briefly, based on our preliminary data, we will culture HepG2 cells in presence of high glucose (30mM) alone or in combination with insulin (500nM) for 24hrs to mimic the human insulin resistance model. Further, we will identify the localization of L-PGDS in insulin sensitive and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Finally, we will study the function of L-PGDS on lipid accumulation in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Once, we fully understand the role of L-PGDS, pharmacological agents that block hepatic lipid accumulation could be developed to treat NAFLD effectively possibly involving PGD2 receptor agonist or antagonist. Collectively, our research will shed new light onto the role of L-PGDS in liver physiology and diabetes-induced NAFLD and highlight new therapeutic targets for future studies. This research was supported by Seed Grant and Summer Support of Research internal funding award from the St. John’s University, New York.

By using the spin coating method, Ag ion implanted TiO2 layers were deposited. These thin films were made on a glass substrate that had been meticulously cleaned. The characterization of synthesized Ag-dopped TiO2 thin films by XRD, UV-Vis spectrometer, and SEM with EDX. The outcomes demonstrated the presence of crystalline anatase phase and smooth surface morphologies in the Ag-TiO2 films that were annealed at 5000C. SEM results are utilized to investigate the surface morphology and element identification that has been verified by EDX analysis. The band gap for undoped TiO2 and silver-dopped TiO2 thin films is suggested by the UV-Vis investigation and we get it 2.88eV, 2.96eV, and 3.16eV subsequently. In addition, the findings showed that compared to undoped TiO2 films, the Ag-doped TiO2 film demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity.

A pot experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2020 on sandy loam soil in texture and classified as mixed hyperthermic typic haplustepts to investigate the impact of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and blue green algae (BGA) on crop yield and NPK nutrient uptake in hybrid rice cultivation. Thirteen treatments laid in completely randomized design with two different doses of chemical fertilizers (100% and 75%), two isolates of PSB (Enterobacter cloacae strain BAU3 and Bacillus aryabhattai strain BAUMS8) and blue green algae had been used in the study. The grain and straw yield of hybrid rice and nutrient uptake in both grain and straw increased significantly when supplied with 100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (RDF) + PSB @ 750 ml ha-1 + BGA @ 10 kg ha-1 as compared to 100% RDF. It had been observed that combined application of PSB and BGA along with 100% RDF, enhanced grain and straw yield upto 11.17 and 6.53 percent, respectively in comparison to 100% RDF. Increase in the concentration of grain and straw N in treatment T8 was 8.65% and 11.42%, respectively, when compared with treatment T2 (100% RDF). The concentration of grain P in treatment T8 were 5.80% when compared with treatment T2 (100% RDF) while the magnitude of increase in rice straw was 7.28 percent. A similar trend of result was obtained in the case of K content in grain and straw of hybrid rice but the K concentration was higher in straw. Finally, application of 100% RDF along with PSB @ 750 ml ha-1 + BGA @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly augmented the yield and nutrient content in hybrid rice.

In this article, we utilize the notions of extended chaotic maps and group ring to propose an efficient procedure for online/offline identity based (ID‐based) signature. The main purpose of engaging chaotic maps in our procedure is to reduce its computational complexity while maintaining the desired security and the purpose of including algebraic structure of group ring is to shorten the signature. We show that under chosen message attack, our signature procedure is secure under unforgeability of ID‐based short signature. Most of the available online/offline signature procedures allow one time use of the offline preadministered information (offline stockpiling), but the proposed procedure grants multitime usage of the offline stockpiling. Therefore, the offline preadministered information can be reused by the signer in polynomial time. We show that our signature procedure is efficient, fast and provides signature of the small size. Finally, we compare our procedure with the several existing schemes in the literature and discuss its advantages.

In this research, thin films of ZnO doped with Sn were prepared through the sol-gel method. The effects of Sn dopant on optical, morphological and structural studies were investigated. All of the films in this work showed favored orientation along the (002) plane, according to XRD analysis. It was observed by SEM analysis that the study Sn morphological and structural studies were investigated. From AFM pictures it is clear that as the doping concentration rises, the size of the grains on the surface of thin films decreases.The existence of Zn, O and Sn was verified by the EDAX analysis. The Ultraviolet-visible spectroscope was utilized to examine the optical characteristics. That band gap increased with the dopant material percent increased.

Ternary copper indium Di-selenide (CISe) thin film has been deposited by spin-coating on non-conducting glass slide substrates and a solution prepared by the sol-gel process. At room temperature, correspondingly, CuCl2.2H2O, InCl3.3H2O, and H2SeO3 were employed as precursor source chemicals for Cu, In, and Se ions. The dark brown films adhered effectively to the glass substrates. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis is utilized to assess the thin film's chemical composition, which revealed that the film was close to the stoichiometric ratio and proved the proper elemental composition. The thin film's tetragonal unit cell structure was validated by XRD analysis, and all of the derived lattice parameters (a = 5.8512 A and c = 11.7268 A) are excellent consistent with the previous results. Scherrer's formula yields a crystallite size of 5.94 nm. SEM microtopography of the film surface revealed that the film is homogeneous on the substrate surface, and AFM revealed that the film has a spike-like morphology. UV-Vis spectroscopy was performed in the 300-1400 nm region. The obtained values of the absorption coefficient and band gap are 1.2eV. The thermal analysis is carried out by TGA.

Importance of extreme weather events under climate variability on design rainfall to design a hydraulic structure is very important to mitigate the risk of disasters. This study yields an approach to identify the changes in Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) using statistical trend analysis and change detection test on climatic parameters of Raipur City, a capital of Chhattisgarh state in India. Extreme events are often described by their expected frequency of recurrence; hence frequency analysis of shorter duration (15 min) rainfall has been conceded using Gumbel’s Extreme Value-I distribution. The results of change-point analysis indicated a climate shift nearly in year 1993, that has been taken as standard change-point which has split the data series and three different periods. Results concluded the temperature was the main factor which was causing the effect of changing rainfall pattern in Raipur city. Frequency analysis results Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curve for Raipur city which was influenced by changing climate pattern in Raipur urban area. Design intensities of rainfall were corrected using results of trend analysis and change-point test. The result attributes the effect of urbanization, rapid development of industrial and commercial activity which altered natural ecology and environment in Raipur city.