The solid-solid phase transition between the bcc (alpha) and hcp (epsilon) lattice structures in iron is known to occur as the material is compressed. When kept below its melting point, an effective increase in the macroscopic strength of the material accompanies this phase transition. Understanding the material strength of iron throughout the deformation process presents a significant computational challenge, but is important for improving models of planetary structure, including interpretation of seismic measurements taken through our own Earth's core.To explore the strength of iron at high pressures and strain rates, we have developed the IronRT campaign at the OMEGA laser [1]. This laser-driven platform produces pressure greater than 1 Mbar on a thin Fe disk with a sinusoidal ripple pattern imposed on its face. These ripples seed the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability, the growth of which is suppressed by the material strength of the sample. The amplitude of the ripples is diagnosed with high-energy x-ray radiography, and the measured growth is compared to simulations performed with different strength models. By matching the simulations to the low level of growth measured, we infer an average flow stress of greater than 40 GPa over the course of the experiment. This value is in agreement with other dynamic iron strength experiments at pressures greater than 1 Mbar [2].

Hydrodynamic mix of the ablator into the DT fuel layer and hot spot can be a critical performance limitation in inertial confinement fusion implosions. This mix results in increased radiation loss, cooling of the hot spot, and reduced neutron yield. To quantify the level of mix, we have developed a simple model that infers the level of contamination using the ratio of the measured x-ray emission to the neutron yield. The principal source for the performance limitation of the “low-foot” class of implosions appears to have been mix. Lower convergence “high-foot” implosions are found to be less susceptible to mix, allowing velocities of >380 km/s to be achieved.

The goals of the Mix Campaign are to determine how mix affects performance, locate the "mix cliff", locate the source of the mix, and develop mitigation methods that allow performance to be increased. We have used several different drive pulse shapes and capsule designs in the Mix Campaign, to understand sensitivity to drive peak power, level of coast, rise time to peak power, adiabat, and dopant level in the capsule. Ablator material mixing into the hot spot has been shown conclusively with x-ray spectroscopy. The observed neutron yield drops steeply when the hot spot mix mass becomes too large. The mix appears to be driven by ablation-front Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. A high foot, higher adiabat drive has a more stable ablation front and has allowed the mix mass in the hot spot to be reduced significantly. Two recent high foot shots achieved neutron yields > 10(15) and measured neutron yield over clean 1D simulation (YOC) > 50%, which was one of the central goals of the Mix Campaign.

Hydrodynamic instability growth experiments with three-dimensional (3-D) surface-roughness modulations were performed on plastic (CH) shell spherical implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The initial capsule outer-surface roughness was similar to the standard specifications ("native roughness") used in a majority of implosions on NIF. At a convergence ratio of similar to 3, the measured tent modulations were close to those predicted by 3-D simulations (within similar to 15-20%), while measured 3-D, broadband modulations were similar to 3-4 times larger than those simulated based on the growth of the known imposed initial surface modulations. One of the hypotheses to explain the results is based on the increased instability amplitudes due to modulations of the oxygen content in the bulk of the capsule. These new experiments results have prompted looking for ways to reduce UV light exposure during target fabrication.

Experiments and analysis in the 3 years since the 2012 Target Fabrication Meeting have resulted in significant improvement in understanding of the requirements for high-performance layered implosions. Three issues have been identified that significantly degrade the performance of the implosions as they were originally configured for National Ignition Facility experiments: capsule support system, time-dependent radiation asymmetry, and transverse oxygen nonuniformity in the glow discharge polymer (GDP) ablator. Analyses suggest that the shortfalls in these three areas can explain the degraded performance of the National Ignition Campaign implosions. We present the status of work toward curing these three problems in the standard GDP ablator/gold hohlraum configuration as they affect target fabrication priorities. We also summarize the prospects for alternate ablators that might reduce these degradation mechanisms.

An improved the set of nuclear diagnostics on NIF measures the properties of the stagnation plasma of implosions, including the drift velocity, areal density (ρr) anisotropy and carbon ρr of the compressed core. Two types of deuterium-tritium (DT) gas filled targets are imploded by shaped x-ray pulses, producing stagnated and burning DT cores of radial convergence (Cr) ∼ 5 or ∼20. Comparison with two-dimensional modeling with inner and outer surface mix shows good agreement with nuclear measurements.

Astrophysical collisionless shocks are common in the universe, occurring in supernova remnants, gamma ray bursts, and protostellar jets. They appear in colliding plasma flows when the mean free path for ion-ion collisions is much larger than the system size. It is believed that such shocks could be mediated via the electromagnetic Weibel instability in astrophysical environments without pre-existing magnetic fields. Here, we present laboratory experiments using high-power lasers and investigate the dynamics of high-Mach-number collisionless shock formation in two interpenetrating plasma streams. Our recent proton-probe experiments on Omega show the characteristic filamentary structures of the Weibel instability that are electromagnetic in nature with an inferred magnetization level as high as ∼1% [C. M. Huntington et al., “Observation of magnetic field generation via the weibel instability in interpenetrating plasma flows,” Nat. Phys. 11, 173–176 (2015)]. These results imply that electromagnetic instabilities are significant in the interaction of astrophysical conditions.

The first hydrodynamic instability growth measurements with three-dimensional (3D) surface-roughness modulations were performed on CH shell spherical implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [G. H. Miller, E. I. Moses, and C. R. Wuest, Opt. Eng. 43, 2841 (2004)]. The initial capsule outer-surface amplitudes were increased approximately four times, compared with the standard specifications, to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, helping to qualify a technique for measuring small 3D modulations. The instability growth measurements were performed using x-ray through-foil radiography based on time-resolved pinhole imaging. Averaging over 15 similar images significantly increased the signal-to-noise ratio, making possible a comparison with 3D simulations. At a convergence ratio of ${\sim}2.4$ , the measured modulation levels were ${\sim}3$ times larger than those simulated based on the growth of the known imposed initial surface modulations. Several hypotheses are discussed, including increased instability growth due to modulations of the oxygen content in the bulk of the capsule. Future experiments will be focused on measurements with standard 3D ‘native-roughness’ capsules as well as with deliberately imposed oxygen modulations.

O.L. Landen, P.A. Amendt, K.L. Baker, L. Berzak Hopkins, D.A. Callahan, J. Church, D.S. Clark, E.L. Dewald, G. Hall, B.A. Hammel, H. Herrmann, S. Khan, A. Kritcher, J.D. Lindl, A.G. Macphee, N. Meezan, K.O. Mikaelian, J.L. Milovich, P. Patel, J.L. Peterson, H.F. Robey, V.A. Smalyuk, R. Tommasini, R.P.J. Town, S.V. Weber, and C. Yeamans Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA landen1@llnl.gov

Gas-filled capsules imploded with indirect drive on the National Ignition Facility have been employed as symmetry surrogates for cryogenic-layered ignition capsules and to explore interfacial mix. Plastic capsules containing deuterated layers and filled with tritium gas provide a direct measure of mix of ablator into the gas fuel. Other plastic capsules have employed DT or D3He gas fill. We present the results of two-dimensional simulations of gas-filled capsule implosions with known degradation sources represented as in modeling of inertial confinement fusion ignition designs; these are time-dependent drive asymmetry, the capsule support tent, roughness at material interfaces, and prescribed gas-ablator interface mix. Unlike the case of cryogenic-layered implosions, many observables of gas-filled implosions are in reasonable agreement with predictions of these simulations. Yields of TT and DT neutrons as well as other x-ray and nuclear diagnostics are matched for CD-layered implosions. Yields of DT-filled capsules are over-predicted by factors of 1.4–2, while D3He capsule yields are matched, as well as other metrics for both capsule types.

Ignition experiments have shown an anomalous susceptibility to hydrodynamic instability growth. To help understand these results, the first hydrodynamic instability growth measurements in indirectly driven implosions on the National Ignition Facility were performed at ignition conditions with peak radiation temperatures up to ∼300  eV. Plastic capsules with two-dimensional preimposed, sinusoidal outer surface modulations of initial wavelengths of 240 (corresponding to a Legendre mode number of 30), 120 (mode 60), and 80  μm (mode 90) were imploded by using actual low-adiabat ignition laser pulses. The measured growth was in excellent agreement, validating 2D hydra simulations for the most dangerous modes in the acceleration phase. These results reinforce confidence in the predictive capability of calculations that are paramount to illuminating the path toward ignition.