Projects to rehabilitate confiscated animals must carefully consider the risks of disease when determining whether to release these animals back into the wild or to incorporate them into captive breeding programs. Avipox and paramyxovirus type 1 (PMV-1) infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality during rehabilitation of confiscated houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii). This paper presents key findings of an intensive health monitoring program (physical condition, hematology, serology, endoscopy, microbiology, and virology) of two flocks of houbara bustards that survived outbreaks of septicemic avipox and PMV-1 respectively. Mortality in each flock from avipox and PMV-1 infections were 47% and 25% respectively, and the clinicopathologic features and management of each outbreak are presented. Avipox and PMV-1 viruses were not isolated from surviving birds monitored monthly for 11 mo after initial infection nor were septicemic or diptheritic avipox and PMV-1 infections detected in the captive breeding collection into which surviving birds were ultimately integrated up to 24 mo later. Adenovirus was isolated from four birds during the study demonstrating that novel disease agents of uncertain pathogenicity may be carried latently and intermittently shed by confiscated birds. This paper demonstrates the risk of importing pathogens with illegally traded houbara bustards and reinforces the need for surveillance programs at rehabilitation centers for these birds. We recommend that confiscated houbara bustards integrated into captive breeding programs be managed separately from captive-bred stock. Other measures should include separate facilities for adult birds and rearing facilities for offspring derived from different stock lines and strict sanitary measures. Additionally, health monitoring of confiscated birds should continue after birds are integrated into captive flocks.

Veterinary RecordVolume 173, Issue 24 p. 609-609 Research Assessment of seroconversion to a peste des petits ruminants virus live vaccine in Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) R. C. C. Sa, Corresponding Author R. C. C. Sa [email protected] Dubai Falcon Hospital, P.O. Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY UKE-mail for correspondence:[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorT. A. Bailey, T. A. Bailey Dubai Falcon Hospital, P.O. Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab Emirates International Wildlife Consultants, PO Box 19, Carmarthen, SA33 5YL Wales, UKSearch for more papers by this authorD. O'Donovan, D. O'Donovan Wadi al Safa Wildlife Centre, PO Box 27875, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorU. Wernery, U. Wernery Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorC. P. Kilgallon, C. P. Kilgallon Dubai Falcon Hospital, P.O. Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this author R. C. C. Sa, Corresponding Author R. C. C. Sa [email protected] Dubai Falcon Hospital, P.O. Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY UKE-mail for correspondence:[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorT. A. Bailey, T. A. Bailey Dubai Falcon Hospital, P.O. Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab Emirates International Wildlife Consultants, PO Box 19, Carmarthen, SA33 5YL Wales, UKSearch for more papers by this authorD. O'Donovan, D. O'Donovan Wadi al Safa Wildlife Centre, PO Box 27875, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorU. Wernery, U. Wernery Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorC. P. Kilgallon, C. P. Kilgallon Dubai Falcon Hospital, P.O. Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 December 2013 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101883Citations: 1 Provenance: not commissioned; externally peer reviewed Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume173, Issue24December 2013Pages 609-609 RelatedInformation

Veterinary RecordVolume 170, Issue 2 p. 54-54 Research Acute phase proteins in three healthy antelope species V. Baldrey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MRCVS, Corresponding Author V. Baldrey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MRCVS vicki_baldrey@hotmail.com Birch Heath Veterinary Clinic, Tarporley, Cheshire, CW6 9UU UKE-mail for correspondence vicki_baldrey@hotmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorR. Verghese BTech, R. Verghese BTech Central Veterinary Research Laboratory P. O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorU. Wernery Dr habil, PhD, U. Wernery Dr habil, PhD Central Veterinary Research Laboratory P. O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorT. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MSc, PhD, DipECAMS, MRCVS, T. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MSc, PhD, DipECAMS, MRCVS Dubai Falcon Hospital, PO Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this author V. Baldrey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MRCVS, Corresponding Author V. Baldrey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MRCVS vicki_baldrey@hotmail.com Birch Heath Veterinary Clinic, Tarporley, Cheshire, CW6 9UU UKE-mail for correspondence vicki_baldrey@hotmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorR. Verghese BTech, R. Verghese BTech Central Veterinary Research Laboratory P. O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorU. Wernery Dr habil, PhD, U. Wernery Dr habil, PhD Central Veterinary Research Laboratory P. O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorT. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MSc, PhD, DipECAMS, MRCVS, T. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, CertZooMed, MSc, PhD, DipECAMS, MRCVS Dubai Falcon Hospital, PO Box 23919, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 January 2012 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100272 Dr Bailey is also at The International Wildlife Consultants, PO Box 19, Carmarthen, Wales, SA33 5YL, UK Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume170, Issue2January 2012Pages 54-54 RelatedInformation

The purpose of this investigation was to study the prevalence of pigeon (Columba livia) circovirus as well as, pigeon and fowl adenoviruses in domestic pigeons in Dubai and United Arab Emirates. Feather and cloacal swab samples were obtained from 132 clinically healthy pigeons from four Dubai zoological collections and seven clinically healthy free-living columbiformes. Feather samples were tested for pigeon circovirus with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 21% were positive. Cloacal swabs tested for pigeon and fowl adenoviruses were all! negative. Eighteen feather samples and liver impression smears were obtained at post-mortem examination from birds derived from one flock. PCR tests revealed the presence of pigeon circovirus in 72% off liver impression smears and in 50% of feather samples. Although 44% of liver samples were positive for PiAdV in PCR, no clinical signs of adenoviral infection were noted in the flock nor were any typical lesions found in histopathological examinations. Fowl adenovirus was not detected by PCR. This research is the first study of the prevalence of these viral infections of pigeons in the Arabian Peninsula.

VARIOUS serotypes of avian influenza (AI) virus have been isolated sporadically from birds in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), including H7N3, H7N1 and H9N2 ([Wernery and Manvell 2003][1], [Kent and others 2006][2]). Of these, only a H7N3 strain isolated from a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) has

Ten male Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) were vaccinated with a commercially available standard aqueous foot-and-mouth-disease vaccine containing aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant, and their antibody titres against serotypes O and A were measured using solid-phase blocking ELISA and the virus neutralisation test. Mean ELISA antibody titres greater than 1-45 log(10) were recorded for serotype A, but low ELISA titres were recorded for serotype 0; low titres were recorded by VNT for both serotypes.

MANY serotypes of avian influenza (AI) virus, including the highly pathogenic H5N1, have recently been reported in countries in the Middle East (Fereidouni and others 2005, International Society for Infectious Diseases 2005). In the United Arab Emirates, although many strains have been isolated over the past years (Kent and others 2006, U. Wernery, personal communication), only one, a H7N3 isolate from a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), was highly pathogenic for poultry (Manvell and others 2000). Inactivated influenza vaccines have been used in human beings for many years and also for controlling AI virus in chickens and turkeys in some countries (Ellis and others 2004). However, there is limited information about the efficacy of these vaccines in non-commercial avian species. Oh and others (2005) performed a field study using the H5N2 vaccine in exotic birds kept at the Singapore Zoological Gardens. Similarly, Philippa and others (2005) tested the efficacy of the inactivated H7N1 vaccine in birds from different zoological parks in the Netherlands. However, no virus challenge was performed in these bird species, and thus the vaccine efficacy was not proved. After considering the risk of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in exotic birds kept in open exhibits in two zoological collections in Dubai – the Sheikh Butti Wildlife Centre and the Wadi Al Safa Wildlife Centre – it was decided to establish a prophylactic vaccination programme. A total of 122 birds were studied: 12 Anseriformes, eight Ciconiiformes, 13 Charadriiformes, 39 Galliformes and 50 Gruiformes (Table 1). They were inoculated using a combination of two commercially available oil-emulsion in activated vaccines: H5N2 (Nobilis Influenza H5; Intervet) (strain A/chicken/Mexico/232/94/CPA) and H9N2 (Nobilis Influenza H9+ND; Intervet) (strain A/chicken/UAE/415/99). Five unvaccinated houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii) were used as controls. The use of an inactivated H5N2 vaccine was considered acceptable as the heterologous virus can protect against HPA1 H5N1 (Swayne and others 2006), and it allows differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (Capua and others 2003). The birds were inoculated subcutaneously twice, once on day 0 (the start of the study) and then on day 30. Individuals weighing less than 400 g received a dose of 0·25 ml, birds between 400 g and 2 kg were given 0·5 ml, and birds weighing over 2 kg received 1 ml (Table 2). To assess vaccine efficacy, preand postvaccination titres were determined using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) (OIE 2004) only towards H5N2 antigen (Table 1). After heat inactivation of the serum, adsorption with red blood cells (RBCs) was performed to avoid non-specific agglutination. The serum was then diluted twofold with phosphatebuffered saline and mixed with four haemagglutinin antigen units of H5N2 antigen. After 30 minutes’ incubation at room temperature, 1 per cent washed specific pathogen-free chicken RBCs were added to the wells and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. A titre of 1:8 or higher was considered positive. There was insufficient serum to test for H9N2 antibodies. In general, antibodies were detected in all the species eight weeks after vaccination. The control birds remained sero negative throughout the study. A 100 per cent seroconversion was achieved in the thickknees (Burhinus capensis), crowned cranes, (Balearica pavonina), Carolina ducks (Aix sponsa), fulvous tree ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) and wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) after a single dose of the vaccine. For the silver pheasants (Lophura nycthemera) and white-bellied bustards (Eupodotis senegelensis), a second dose of vaccine was needed to obtain 100 per cent seroconversion. Some houbara bustards (not the control birds), crested guineafowl (Guttera pucherani), greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) and stone curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus) remained seronegative even after eight weeks and two doses of vaccine. The lack of immune response in some of these birds

I N T R O D U C T I O N Avian influenza (AI) (Orthomyxoviridae) is a well-known viral disease that affects birds worldwide. In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has re-emerged worldwide, raising concern in human and veterinary health authorities. Avian influenza has been reported in many countries from the Middle East region. In Pakistan outbreaks of HPAI H7N3 subtype occurred in poultry in 1995 (Naeem 1998) and of H9N2 in 1998 (Naeem et al. 1999). In Iran five subtypes of avian influenza virus, H3N8, H7N3, H8N4, H9N2 and H10N7, were isolated from migratory ducks during a surveillance campaign in 2003-2004 (Fereidouni et al. 2005). In Kuwait two birds were found to be infected with avian influenza in 2005, a migratory flamingo tested positive for H5N1 and an imported falcon was confirmed to have H5N1 (PROMED 2005). However, the recent isolates of the HPAI H5N1 in falcons of Saudi Arabia (Samour et al, 2007) are of greater concern due to the proximity to UAE.

A commercial sandwich ELISA (Platelia Aspergillus EIA; Bio-Rad) developed for the detection of galactomannan, a major cell wall constituent of Aspergillus species, was tested for its efficacy in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in falcons. Ninety serum samples from 50 aspergillosis-positive falcons and 182 samples from 142 aspergillosis-negative falcons were tested. The sensitivity of the test was only 12 per cent and its specificity was 95 per cent. The test was therefore unsatisfactory for detecting galactomannan in the serum samples and cannot be used as a screening test for aspergillosis in falcons.

The minimum inhibitory concentrations ( mic s) of fungi isolated from the air sacs of falcons before (group 1), and during antifungal treatment with amphotericin B nebulisation and oral itraconazole or voriconazole (group 2), or with itraconazole alone (group 3) or voriconazole alone (group 4) were determined. Before treatment, 95 per cent of the isolates, including Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus , were susceptible to voriconazole at mic s up to 0·38 μg/ml, and all the isolates were susceptible at mic s up to 1μg/ml. Before treatment, 21 per cent of the isolates, including A fumigatus (27·6 per cent), A flavus (16·6 per cent), A niger (100 per cent) and A terreus (23 per cent), were resistant ( mic ≥1 μg/ml) to itraconazole; 51 per cent of the isolates, including A fumigatus (31 per cent), A flavus (78 per cent), A niger (14 per cent) and A terreus (77 per cent), had mic s of over 1 μg/ml to amphotericin B, and after treatment their mic s increased significantly. In contrast, there were no significant differences between the mic s of voriconazole and itraconazole for the different Aspergillus species before and during treatment with these antifungal agents.

Abstract The Macqueen's bustard (Chlamydotis macqueenii), previously known as the Houbara bustard, is an increasingly threatened species. A potentially significant cause of its decline is illegal trade. When illegal shipments of these birds are confiscated by authorities in the United Arab Emirates, they are placed with the National Avian Research Center's (NARC) Macqueen's bustard rehabilitation program. In this report, we describe the threats to the Macqueen's bustard in the wild and provide a detailed description of the quarantine program at NARC and of how this program is designed to minimize the effects of diseases that are commonly seen in these illegally traded birds. Issues surrounding decisions for euthanasia, for incorporating birds into a breeding program, and for releasing birds back into the wild are also discussed.

A user-friendly database, captive, was developed to store and manipulate veterinary and aviculture records for the bustard captive-breeding programme at the National Avian Research Center, Abu Dhabi. The system was based on access version 2.0 (Microsoft Corporation) which is a comparatively inexpensive commercial database program, for use on microcomputers. captive was designed as a management tool, producing standard aviculture and veterinary reports from a scheduled input of data, and as a versatile research tool to answer ad hoc enquiries about the data. Paper forms were designed to allow aviculture and veterinary personnel to record the data, and non-technical staff to input the information into the computer program. Standard reports were designed so that staff who are unfamiliar with the database program can retrieve a menu of routine records. An additional series of ‘attached’ databases were linked to the main database, allowing personnel who are more familiar with the program to retrieve and manipulate complex data sets. The advantages and disadvantages of customizing a system in-house are discussed.

Between 1989 and 1999,351 clinical examinations and six postmortem examinations were made on the six great bustards (Otis tarda) maintained at the Whipsnade Wild Animal Park. Soft tissue-related traumatic injuries accounted for 35 per cent of all the clinical findings, musculoskeletal disorders accounted for 26 per cent, and lameness was one of the main reasons for a veterinary examination. Poor condition accounted for 30 per cent of the clinical findings and was associated with periods of cold wet weather during the winter and spring; the affected birds were isolated and provided with nutritional support. Haemosiderosis and haemochromatosis were observed in four of the five birds from which samples were taken for histopathology.

Blood samples were obtained at monthly intervals between April 1994 and March 1996 from captive-bred houbara (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii), rufous-crested (Eupodotis,ruficrista gindiana), and white-bellied (Eupodotis senegalensis) bustards from 4-24 wk of age. Hematology investigations were conducted to determine age-related changes and to establish reference values for growing chicks of these species. There were significant age-related changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red cell count in young birds compared with those of adults. White cell counts (lymphocytes and monocytes) were higher in juvenile birds, compared with adult values.

Vitamin E (measured as α-tocopherol) and cholesterol concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected from 86 clinically healthy captive adult bustards of six species and 23 captive juveniles (6–12 mo old) of two of these species. Adult houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii) had higher plasma α-tocopherol concentrations than juveniles (adult: mean ± SE, 11.07 ± 0.41 μg/ml, n = 32; juvenile: 6.33 ± 0.48, n = 12) and higher α-tocopherol : cholesterol ratios (adult: 6.09 ± 0.44, n = 12; juvenile: 2.94 ± 0.22, n = 11). No age difference was evident for kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) plasma α-tocopherol concentrations (adult: 4.43 ± 0.42, n = 21; juvenile: 4.46 ± 0.26, n = 11) or α-tocopherol : cholesterol ratios (adult: 3.67 ± 0.44, n = 20; juvenile: 3.71 ± 0.36, n = 11). Adult houbara bustards had significantly higher (P < 0.01) α-tocopherol concentrations compared with adult rufouscrested (Eupodotis ruficrista; 6.64 ± 0.33, n = 19) and white-bellied (Eupodotis senegalensis; 7.75 ± 0.81, n = 8) bustards, but similar α-tocopherol : cholesterol ratios (rufouscrested: 5.56 ± 0.32, n = 18; white-bellied: 5.83 ± 0.43, n = 8). Juvenile houbara bustards had higher plasma α-tocopherol concentrations than juvenile kori bustards but similar α-tocopherol : cholesterol ratios. Adult houbara bustard plasma α-tocopherol levels and α-tocopherol : cholesterol ratios did not differ significantly between sexes. The vitamin E status of adult bustards appeared to be influenced by environmental conditions that varied due to species-specific husbandry regimes, but no clear relationship was seen with dietary vitamin E levels. Juvenile bustards did not have higher vitamin E levels than adults, despite being maintained on four-fold dietary vitamin E concentrations and in similar environmental conditions. This paper presents the first published data for plasma vitamin E concentrations in bustards. The plasma α-tocopherol and cholesterol concentrations and α-tocopherol : cholesterol ratios of captive bustards were similar to those previously reported for omnivorous avian species. Further research is required to determine which components of the identified environmental conditions affect bustard vitamin E status and to confirm whether differences exist between species independent of the variation in their management regimes.

The clinical and pathologic findings of 3 houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii) with tarsometatarsal deformities are presented. These birds were hatched and reared at the National Avian Research Center in the United Arab Emirates as part of its captive breeding program. All 3 birds had short tarsometatarsal bones as a result of chondrodystrophy. Two of these birds developed varus deformities and fused tarsometatarsal trochleae that resulted in swollen intertarsal joints, luxated gastrocnemius tendons, and dislocated phalanges. One bird was euthanized, and the other 2 were excluded from the captive breeding program.

Veterinary RecordVolume 149, Issue 6 p. 187-188 Short Communication Two cases of ventricular foreign bodies in the kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) T. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, PhD, MRCVS, T. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, PhD, MRCVS Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Naldo DVM, J. Naldo DVM Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorC. D. Silvanose BSc, C. D. Silvanose BSc Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. Howlett VN, J. C. Howlett VN Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kinne DVM, J. Kinne DVM Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this author T. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, PhD, MRCVS, T. A. Bailey BSc, BVSc, PhD, MRCVS Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Naldo DVM, J. Naldo DVM Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorC. D. Silvanose BSc, C. D. Silvanose BSc Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. Howlett VN, J. C. Howlett VN Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Kinne DVM, J. Kinne DVM Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 August 2001 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.149.6.187Citations: 10Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References BAILEY, T. A., BROWN, E. M., SAMOUR, J. H., NALDO, J., GARNER, A. G. & LAWRENCE, P. (1997a) Comparative morphology of the alimentary tract, including its glandular derivatives, of captive bustards. Journal of Anatomy 191, 387–398 BAILEY, T. A., NALDO, J., SAMOUR, J. H., SLEIGH, I. & HOWLETT, J. C. (1997b) Bustard pediatric diseases; a review of clinical and pathological findings in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 11, 166–174 BENNETT, R. A. & HARRISON, G. J. (1994) Soft tissue surgery. In Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications. Eds B. W. Ritchie G. J. Harrison L. R. Harrison. Lake Worth, Wingers Publishing, pp 1096–1136 BUSH, M. & KENNEDY, S. (1978) Ventriculostomy for removal of foreign bodies from sarus cranes. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 173, 1107–1110 LUMEIJ, J. T. (1994) Gastroenterology. In Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Eds B. W. Ritchie G. J. Harrison L. R. Harrison. Lake Worth, Wingers Publishing, pp 482–521 MURRAY, M. J. & TAYLOR, M. (1995) Retrieval of proventricular and ventricular foreign bodies with rigid endoscopic equipment. Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, pp 281–284 PULLING, F. B. (1976) Hardware disease in a rhea. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 7, 35 SAMOUR, J. H., BAILEY, T. A., HOWLETT, J. C., NALDO, J., D'ALOIA, M-A. & HART, M. (1996) Handbook of Bustard Hematology. Abu Dhabi, National Avian Research Center Citing Literature Volume149, Issue6August 2001Pages 187-188 ReferencesRelatedInformation