Alanine dosimeters are limited in radiotherapy by poor sensitivity at low doses (< 5Gy). A set of alanine dosimeters were ‘spiked’ with a large dose of radiation, (~30Gy, 6MV X-rays) and additional doses ranging between 0.5 and 10Gy. The radical yield was measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and after subtraction of the contribution from the "spike" dose, a linear correlation between the radiation dose and the area of the central EPR signal was obtained for doses between 0.5 and 10Gy (regression value of 0.9890), and for the central peak's amplitude (regression value of 0.9895). Overall, this method is easy to perform, requires no complex EPR signal analysis, and offers much potential to extend the current usage of alanine dosimeters in radiotherapy.

In vivo dosimetry is recommended as a defence-in-depth strategy in radiotherapy treatments and is currently employed by clinics around the world. The characteristics of a new optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry system were investigated for the purpose of replacing an aging thermoluminescence dosimetry system for in vivo dosimetry. The stability of the system was not sufficient to satisfy commissioning requirements and therefore it has not been released into clinical service at this time.

The main aims of this research was to employ alanine doped with gold-nanoparticles "AuNPs" to determine the levels of dose enhancement caused by these particles when irradiated with proton beams, low and high energy X-rays and electrons.DL-alanine was impregnated with 5 nm gold-nanoparticles (3% by weight) and added as a uniform layer within a wax pellet of dimensions 10 x 5 x 5 mm. Control pellets, containing DL-Alanine were also produced, and placed within a phantom, and exposed to various types of radiations: low energy (kV ranges) X-rays were obtained from a superficial machine, high energy (MV) X-rays and electrons derived from a linear accelerator, and protons were produced by the Hyogo Ion Beam Centre in Japan. Nominal doses received ranged from 2 to 20 Gy (within clinical range). The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra of the irradiated samples were recorded on a BRUKER Elexsys 9.5 MHz.The dose enhancement caused by gold nanoparticles for 80 kV x-rays was found to be more than 60% at about 5 Gy. Smaller dose enhancements (under the same measurement conditions) were observed for megavoltage x-ray beams (up to 10%). Dose enhancement caused by charged particles indicated minimal values for 6 MeV electrons (approximately 5%) whilst less than that is obtained with protons of 150 MeV. The proton results validate the latest simulation results based on Monte Carlo calculations but the dose enhancement is significantly less than that reported in cell and animal model systems, (about 20%). We attribute this difference to the fact that alanine only measures the levels of free radicals generated by the inclusion of nanoparticles and not the redox type radicals (such as reactive oxygen species) generated from aqueous media in cells.Dose enhancement caused by 5 nm gold-nanoparticles with radiotherapy type proton beams has been found to be less than 5% as determined when using alanine/wax as both a phantom and dosimeter. This agrees well with the latest Monte Carlo simulation results for similar sized gold-nanoparticles. Furthermore, our results for both low and high energy x-rays are validated against published data for in vitro studies. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) requires tight margins around the tumor, thus producing a steep dose gradient between the tumor and the surrounding healthy tissue. Any setup errors might become clinically significant. To date, no study has been performed to evaluate the dosimetric variations caused by setup errors with a 3-dimensional dosimeter, the PRESAGE. This research aimed to evaluate the potential effect that setup errors have on the dose distribution of intracranial SRT. Computed tomography (CT) simulation of a CIRS radiosurgery head phantom was performed with 1.25-mm slice thickness. An ideal treatment plan was generated using Brainlab iPlan. A PRESAGE was made for every treatment with and without errors. A prescan using the optical CT scanner was carried out. Before treatment, the phantom was imaged using Brainlab ExacTrac. Actual radiotherapy treatments with and without errors were carried out with the Novalis treatment machine. Postscan was performed with an optical CT scanner to analyze the dose irradiation. The dose variation between treatments with and without errors was determined using a 3-dimensional gamma analysis. Errors are clinically insignificant when the passing ratio of the gamma analysis is 95% and above. Errors were clinically significant when the setup errors exceeded a 0.7-mm translation and a 0.5° rotation. The results showed that a 3-mm translation shift in the superior-inferior (SI), right-left (RL), and anterior-posterior (AP) directions and 2° couch rotation produced a passing ratio of 53.1%. Translational and rotational errors of 1.5mm and 1°, respectively, generated a passing ratio of 62.2%. Translation shift of 0.7mm in the directions of SI, RL, and AP and a 0.5° couch rotation produced a passing ratio of 96.2%. Preventing the occurrences of setup errors in intracranial SRT treatment is extremely important as errors greater than 0.7mm and 0.5° alter the dose distribution. The geometrical displacements affect dose delivery to the tumor and the surrounding normal tissues.

Background: Image guided respiratory gating for lung and liver cancers was commissioned at William Buckland Radiotherapy Centre. Treatments are delivered on a Novalis Classic accelerator with Brainlab ExacTracTM robotic couch capable of tracking implanted fiducial markers.

Normoxic type polyacrylamide gel (nPAG) dosimeters are established for dose quantification in three-dimensions for radiotherapy and hence represent an adequate dosimeter for quantification of the dose variation due to the existence of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the target during irradiation. This work compared the degree of polymerisation in gel doped with nanoparticles (nPAG–AuNP) with control gel samples when irradiated by various sources. Samples were irradiated with a synchrotron radiation source of mean energy 125 keV, 80 kV X-ray beams from superficial therapy machine (SXRT), 6 MV X-rays and 6 MeV electron beams from linear accelerator. Analysis of the dose–response relation was used to determine a dose enhancement factor (DEF) of 1.76 ± 0.34 and 1.64 ± 0.44 obtained for samples irradiated with kilovoltage X-rays energy from synchrotron source and SXRT respectively. Similarly, including AuNPs in gel results in a DEF of approximately 1.37 ± 0.35 when irradiated by an electron beam and 1.14 ± 0.28 for high energy X-ray beams. The results demonstrate the use of AuNPs embedded in polymer gels for measuring the enhancement of radiation caused by metallic nanoparticles.

This study aimed to quantify the amount of change in Standardised Uptake Values (SUVs) of PET/CT images by simulating the set-up as closely as possible to the actual patient scanning. The experiments were conducted using an anthropomorphic phantom, which contained an amount of radioactivity in the form of Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in a primary plastic test tube and one litre saline bags, including the insertion of bony structures and another two test tubes containing different concentrations of iodine contrast media. Standard scanning protocols were employed for the PET/CT image acquisition. The highest absolute differences in the SUVmax and SUVmean values of the saline bags were found to be about 0.2 and 0.4, respectively. The primary test tube showed the largest change of 1.5 in both SUVs; SUV max and SUVmean. However, none of these changes were found to be statistically significant. The clinical literature also contains no evidence to suggest that the changes of this magnitude would change the final diagnosis. Based on these preliminary data, we propose that iodine contrast media can be used during the CT scan of PET/CT imaging, without significantly affecting the diagnostic quality of this integrated imaging modality.

Purpose: To identify the benefits in image contrast enhancement using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) compared to conventional iodinated contrast media.Materials and methods: Gold nanoparticles and iodinated contrast media were evaluated for contrast enhancement at various X-ray tube potentials in an imaging phantom. Iopromide and AuNP suspension were equalized according to molar concentration of radiopaque element (0.5077 Mol/L). Contrast-to-noise ratio is used to quantify contrast enhancement. Both projectional radiographic (40-80 kVp) and computed tomography (CT) (80-140kVp) imaging modalities were examined.Results and conclusions: Findings indicate 89% improvement in CNR at low energies near the mammographic range (40 kVp). However, as expected no significant difference in enhancement was observed at potentials commonly used for angiography (around 80 kVp) probably due to the k-edge influence for iodine. At the highest energies typically available in computed tomography, significant improvement in contrast enhancement using gold nanoparticles is obtained, 114% greater CNR than that produced by iodine at 140 kVp. Experimental findings for 70-120 kVp spectra correlate well with the theoretical calculations based on linear attenuation coefficients. Superior attenuation of gold nanoparticles at low and high kVp potentials support their further (pre) clinical evaluation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Respiratory motion artifacts can be a significant factor that limits the positron emission tomography (PET) image quality. Gating technique is one of methods utilizing the tracking information to compensate for subject motion. In this paper, we propose a new method that utilizes the geometric sensitivity of a 3D-PET scanner system to gate respiratory motion. This method is non-invasive and no additional hardware device required. Using GATE (GEANT4 Application Tomographic Emission) and NCAT (NURBs (Non Uniform Rational B-Splines) Cardiac Torso) software packages simulate PET acquisition and respiratory motion respectively. Proposed method applied to simulated data demonstrates that respiratory motion can be gated.

The PET image quality can be degraded due to respiratory motion artifacts. To improve image quality, gating techniques utilizing the tracking information are able to compensate for respiratory motion. In this paper, we present a gating method that utilizes the geometric sensitivity feature of a 3D-PET scanner system operating in list event acquisition mode. The respiratory phase can be determined from count rate changes which are determined to suitable temporal resolution from the list-mode data stream. This method has several advantages over the existing methods; it only uses LOR events and is non-invasive, no additional hardware device systems are required and there is no additional patient preparation required. Simulation result demonstrates that the geometric sensitivity gating (GSG) method is able to reduce respiratory motion artifacts.

The positron emission tomography (PET) image quality can be degraded due to motion. In this paper, we present a new data-driven method for oscillation motion compensation that utilizes the geometric sensitivity feature of a 3D-PET scanner system operating in list event acquisition mode. The count rate from a given organ will depend on the axial location of the organ due to the geometric sensitivity. As a result the oscillation motion transforms to the reference frame can be determined from count rate changes which are determined to suitable temporal resolution from the list-mode data stream. This method only uses LOR events and is non- invasive, no additional hardware device systems are required. Simulation result demonstrates that the geometric sensitivity correction (GSC) method is able to reduce oscillation motion degradation.

The PET image quality can be degraded due to respiratory motion. In this paper, we present a new data-driven method for respiratory motion compensation that utilizes the geometric sensitivity feature of a 3D-PET scanner system operating in list event acquisition mode. The count rate from a given organ will depend on the axial location of the organ due to the geometric sensitivity. As a result the respiratory transforms to the reference frame can be determined from count rate changes which are determined to suitable temporal resolution from the list-mode data stream. This method only uses LOR events and is non-invasive, no additional hardware device systems are required and there is no additional preparation required. Simulation results demonstrate that the geometric sensitivity correction (GSC) method may reduce motion degradation.

Iodinated contrast agents, which are routinely used to improve contrast in x-ray diagnostic radiography, have been successfully proven to enhance radiation effects in kilovoltage x-ray radiation therapy beams. The studies determined the influence of iodine on the level of radiation biotoxicity to cells as an indicator of the radiation dose enhancement. The use of other high-atomic-number materials such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may also provide advantages in terms of radiation dose enhancement. In this work AuNPs have been used for the enhancement of radiation effects on bovine aortic endothelial cells of superficial x-ray radiation therapy and megavoltage electron radiation therapy beams. Results reveal an increase of cell damage with increasing concentration of AuNPs. At 1 mM concentration of AuNPs, enhancement of radiation peaked at 25 times for a kilovoltage x-ray beam. AuNPs showed similar effects on electron beams but to a lesser extent. This study showed that AuNPs can be used to enhance the effect of radiation doses from kilovoltage x-ray radiation therapy and megavoltage electron radiation therapy beams. In the prevailing clinical circumstances, wherein radiation therapy dose is constrained by normal tissue tolerance, this enhancement could in the future be used to improve local control in superficial x-ray treatments, megavoltage electron beam radiation therapy, microbeam radiation therapy, and intraoperative irradiation using kilovoltage x-rays or megavoltage electron beams. Moreover, the value of this work also stems from the fact that the damage to the endothelial cells lining the highly vasculature structure of tumors deprives tumors of their oxygen and nutrients supply and enhances the efficiency of radiation therapy treatment, where it has been proven that more of the AuNPs injected into animals ends up into the blood than in the tumor.

The effective use of near water equivalent organic plastic scintillators (OPS) for radiation dosimetry with high-energy sources under laboratory conditions is recognized. In this work, an OPS-based dosimeter using a photodiode combined with improved solid state detection and signal processing techniques has been developed; it offers the potential for the construction of a stable and fully portable dosimeter which will extend the useful range of measurement beyond the usual MeV area and provide reliable readings down to sub-'100 keV' X-ray energy levels. In these experiments, the instrument described has been used for the dosimetry of INTRABEAM intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) equipment at distances as low as 1.8 mm from the effective source, i.e., 0.2 mm from the X-ray probe surface. Comparison is shown with dosimetry measurements made using the calibrated reference ion chamber supplied by the IORT equipment manufacturer.

Radiation therapy dosimetry software now frequently incorporates biological predictions of the probability of normal tissue complications. This study investigates whether the length of normal structure outlined affects a normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for that structure. It also researches the effect of any change in the dose parameter used to produce a 50% probability of a complication (the TD50) on the calculated NTCP, as this is related to the clinical observations. An NTCP was calculated for rectum and bladder on a sample of prostate cases receiving external beam radiation therapy. The length of the organs at risk was varied and the NTCP recalculated for each different length using the same treatment plan. Large variations of up to 80% in NTCP for different delineated lengths of organ for a given TD50 were observed. Changing the TD50 dose altered the calculated NTCP and the relative size of the variation in the values. This parameter will need further investigation; a standardized delineated length of 2 cm beyond the beam edge for normal structures is recommended. Interpatient and interinstitution plan comparison using dose volume histograms and/or normal tissue complication probabilities will be compromised until such standardization occurs.