Urinary tract infections (UTIs), the second most common type of infection in humans, remain a major public health concern due to their high prevalence and associated morbidity. Although several antibiotics are available for their treatment, the emergence and re-emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains continue to limit therapeutic effectiveness. The formulation of combined therapeutic agents may enhance antimicrobial efficacy by producing synergistic effects that improve activity against resistant strains. To investigate the bioactives, antimicrobial activity, and response surface–modeled optimization of a modified Jatropha curcas–Abuwe soap formulation against clinically relevant uropathogens. GC–MS analysis identified phytochemical constituents. The stem juice was extracted using mechanical press method, modified with traditional black soap, diluted and tested against four microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus species) isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs) using agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration of (MIC). Response surface methodology (RSM) using a three-level factorial design modeled inhibition zones as a function of extract concentration (C) and water content (CW) using Design-Expert software version 6.0.8. GC–MS analysis identified α-linolenic acid (42.49%) and palmitic acid (32.53%) as the dominant constituents, while stearic acid (8.27%), ethyl iso-allocholate (4.17%), squalene (4.18%), palmitic acid methyl ester (3.35%), and other hexadecanoic acid derivatives (2.00%) constituted the remaining components of the unmodified J. curcas. In the modified J. curcas formulation, tetradecanoic acid (69.84%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (21.03%) were identified as the predominant constituents, whereas oleic acid (3.66%), dodecanoic acid derivatives (2.76%), and hexanoic acid (2.71%) were present as minor components. The modified J. curcas formulation demonstrated consistently higher inhibitory activity against all tested organisms (S. aureus: 2.67 ± 1.48 mm, P = .01; E. coli: 3.69 ± 2.15 mm, P = .002; Proteus sp.: 4.53 ± 2.48 mm, P = .01) compared with the unmodified extract. However, against Klebsiella sp. (4.88 ± 1.98 mm), the inhibitory effect of the modified formulation was statistically comparable to that of the unmodified J. curcas extract (P = .11). Modified Jatropha curcas formulation demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity (97.24 mg/mL ≤ MIC ≤ 125.00 mg/mL) against all tested bacterial pathogens, whereas the unmodified extract required substantially higher concentrations (187.50 mg/mL ≤ MIC ≤ 250.00 mg/mL) to achieve inhibition, with the most pronounced effect observed against Staphylococcus aureus. Response surface modeling produced well-fitted second-order polynomial models for each organism as a function of concentration and water content. The integration of Jatropha curcas extract into Abuwe soap significantly enhanced antimicrobial efficacy at lower concentrations. This modified formulation shows promise as an alternative antimicrobial approach for managing uropathogenic infections and warrants further investigation

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Blighia sapida, commonly known as Ackee, is a plant native to West Africa, with great cultural and therapeutic value, particularly in Western Nigeria. Traditionally, Blighia sapida capsule is used in western Nigeria to treat ecthyma in sheep and goats by heating it in hot ash. This process causes the capsule to release a liquid, which is then directly applied to the entire affected area of the skin. However, there is limited information available on its phyto-constituents and medicinal effects. Aim of the study: This work examined the bioactive constituents, acute toxicity, and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule. Materials and methods: Extraction of phytochemical constituents was carried out with distilled water and ethanol and was concentrated at 40( degrees)C. The phytochemical constituents were determined using a variant 3800/4000 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) machine. Lorke's method was employed to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule. Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed 15 bioactive compounds in both extracts, with kaempferol being the most abundant. Notable pharmacologically active compounds included pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol, rutin, quinoline, apigenin, and naringenin. The study observed distinctive differences in aqueous and ethanolic extracts compound weights and peak areas. Acute toxicity study depicts that the lethal dose of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule is above 5000 mg/kg as no mortality was recorded in the oral administration of 10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900, and 5000 mg/kg of aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Sub-acute toxicity results indicated no significant adverse effects on kidney and liver function, although some variations in biochemical parameters were observed. Histological analysis showed normal renal and hepatic architecture in treated animals. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule exhibited no acute toxicity and minimal sub-acute toxicity, suggesting they are safe for consumption at the tested doses.

Premature birth and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia remain significant contributors to neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income settings where access to advanced neonatal care equipment is limited. Conventional phototherapy units, incubators, and bilirubin meters are often deployed as stand-alone devices, increasing cost, space requirements, and clinical workload while limiting continuous monitoring. This study aimed to design, fabricate, and evaluate a low-cost phototherapeutic infant incubator integrated with a transcutaneous bilirubin detector for continuous thermal, environmental, and bilirubin monitoring in preterm neonates. A user-centered engineering design approach was adopted. System modeling and circuit simulation were carried out using Proteus, while mechanical housing design was performed with SolidWorks. Control logic was implemented on an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, with calibration and reference testing supported using Arduino Uno. The system integrates LED-based phototherapy, a 500 W heating element for thermal regulation, a liquid crystal display for real-time visualization, and a transcutaneous bilirubin sensing module. Temperature and relative humidity were monitored using a DHT22 sensor. Functional performance testing was conducted at a tertiary healthcare facility by comparing device outputs with standard clinical reference instruments. Agreement and correlation analyses were performed to assess accuracy. Result showed a strong correlation between the designed device and reference instruments for temperature (R² = 0.86), humidity (R² = 0.91), and transcutaneous bilirubin measurement (R² = 0.88). Bland–Altman analysis of bilirubin measurements showed a mean bias of 0.62 ± 0.99 µmol/L, indicating good agreement within clinically acceptable limits. The integrated system maintained safe thermal conditions and consistent phototherapy delivery throughout testing. The phototherapeutic infant incubator with integrated transcutaneous bilirubin detection demonstrated satisfactory accuracy, safety, and reliability. By combining incubation, phototherapy, and bilirubin monitoring into a single platform, the device offers a cost-effective and space-efficient solution for neonatal care, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Its ability to provide continuous, non-invasive bilirubin monitoring may enhance early clinical decision-making and improve outcomes in preterm infants.

The increased growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) with allergy reaction of MMA remains an issue of concern among denture wearers. C. albicans growth inhibition, mechanical and water absorption potentials of extracted A19-saponin-commingled PMMA denture base composites were investigated. Soxhlet extraction technique for defatting of Dialium guineense (D. guineense) stem powder was used with ethanol to extract A19-saponin. Fungicidal inhibition concentration of A19-saponin extract of D. guineense was determined. PMMA denture base was prepared with incorporation of A19-saponin at different concentrations of obtained 23.2 % yield. The mechanical and water absorption properties were determined. The minimum and maximum fungicidal inhibition concentrations and susceptibility of 25 and 100 % for extracted A19-saponin were obtained, respectively. PMMA, MMA and extracted A19-saponin of ratio of 30 g: 5 ml: 5 ml denture was optimally fabricated. A19-saponin increased the impact strength and hardness by 352.94 and 11.54 % with reduced water absorption by 82.85 %. Thus, A19-saponin as an additive improved quality of denture.

Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of AI that uses statistical algorithms. Cardiac Arrest or heart failure has been implicated as one of the leading causes of death. The limited accuracy and the inherent invasiveness in diagnosis of this disease call for a revamp of the existing diagnostic protocol. In this study, we developed Machine learning (ML) algorithms for the prediction of cardiac arrest. Our protocol employs different methods for classification of the HD dataset using univariate and Bivariate analysis for prediction of cardiac arrest on input data which contains 11 features such as ChestPainType, age, gender etc and Pair plot to check the distribution of each variable and how it correlated with the target variable (Cardiac Arrest). Our result indicated that the ASY pain type was the highest ChestPainType that had cardiac arrest with 54% while NAP had 22%, ATA had 19% and TA 5%. The male genders were also observed to have the highest rate of cardiac arrest when compared to the female genders. Our protocol was able to predict the occurrence of cardiac arrest and at the same time recommend possible treatments, medication and exercises regime to the patient via the web application interface.

The consumption of plant-based herbal formulations have been on the increase in recent times, due to their medicinal properties, however, the identification, isolation and characterization of their bioactive constituents for specific health therapy and their safety have remained an issue of concern. This research identified, isolated and characterized succinic acid from saponin fraction of Mangifera indica (mango leaf SPEM) and hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane from flavonoid fraction of Annona muricata (soursop leaf SPES). Cold maceration was used for extraction with ethanol as the solvent. GCMS of the samples mass spectra was analysed and gravimetric methods used for the extraction of the bioactive constituents. Results from screening of both leaf samples revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and saponins. Quantitative analysis of crude ethanolic extract yielded 15.15% and 20.60% respectively for mango leaf and soursop leaves. The selected phytochemicals for both samples yielded high for flavonoids and saponin, followed by phenol and tannin then alkaloids and terpenoids that gave the least yield. Succinic Acid and Hexamethyl Cyclotrisiloxane were selected respectively as the predominant organic compounds, isolated and administered in two phases to a group of randomly distributed mice for acute toxicity test (LD50). The first phase involved the oral administration of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight, and 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of the extracts. Results showed that the saponin fractions of SPEM (Succinic Acid) were found to be non-toxic at doses ≤ 1000 mg/kg b.w (body weight) while the flavonoid fraction of SPES (Hexamethyl Cyclotrisiloxane) was non-toxic at doses ≤ 5000 mg/kg b.w. We conclude therefore, that both phytochemicals are safe for oral administration at low doses of about ≤ 1000 mg/kg b.w.

Everything in life today is advancing with the internet, and healthcare is not left behind. The latest advancement in internet is the Internet of Things (IoT), and most health researchers would say it is found most valuable in the healthcare industry. This work aims to review the internet of things to the ambulatory aspect of the healthcare industry for the continuous monitoring and onward transmission of physiological parameters of the heart rate, and temperature of ambulatory patients, and sending the values through a Wi-Fi module, to the cloud based server, where it is stored and can be accessed anytime by the physician and patients, by logging in their details to the online application. This does not only give the real time monitoring, but also the patient history, and it helps to save the time spent in the hospital, and the cumbersome tasks of a health practitioner performing the tests manually on the patients when they come to the hospital for checks.

Everything in life today is advancing with the internet, and healthcare is not left behind. The latest advancement in internet is the Internet of Things (IoT), and most health researchers would say it is found most valuable in the healthcare industry. This work aims to review the internet of things to the ambulatory aspect of the healthcare industry for the continuous monitoring and onward transmission of physiological parameters of the heart rate, and temperature of ambulatory patients, and sending the values through a Wi-Fi module, to the cloud based server, where it is stored and can be accessed anytime by the physician and patients, by logging in their details to the online application. This does not only give the real time monitoring, but also the patient history, and it helps to save the time spent in the hospital, and the cumbersome tasks of a health practitioner performing the tests manually on the patients when they come to the hospital for checks.

The use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) biocomposites made from natural fibers for biomedical applications are hindered as a result of economic and technical feasibility. The technical feasibility are not only a function of mechanical failure of elastic, hardness, and strength mismatches with the human body system but also biocompatibility due to surface contamination with body fluid environments, which cause inadequate design and poor durability. In this study, potential modifications of roselle fiber on physicomechanical behaviors of roselle fiber-HDPE composites are investigated as part of technical feasibility in biomedical applications. The quality of roselle fiber and its HDPE biocomposites involves roselle fiber extraction and yield, physical (density, aspect ratio, and water absorption) and modifications by acetic anhydride (AC) and ethylene diamine acetic acid (EDTA), mechanical (hardness, tensile, flexural, and impact), and microstructural behaviors of roselle fiber-HDPE biocomposites, which were examined. AC and EDTA, respectively, enhanced the mechanical properties especially tensile strength by 0.46% and 7.57%, and hardness by 15.63% and 12.5% of unmodified roselle fiber-HDPE composites which corroborates scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This revealed the promising nature of waste HDPE biocomposites produced from roselle fibers in making biomedical appliances including bone replacement, dental implant and tissue engineering applications for healthcare delivery.

This paper was based on the application of novel breadfruit peel fiber (BFPF), a cheap agro-waste as reinforcer in low-density polyethylene matrix (LDPE) to produce breadfruit peel fiber-low-density-polyethylene composite (BFPF-LDPE) for industrial production. To achieve this, the influence of BFPF weight at different treatment routes on the mechanical properties and water absorption resistance of LDPE was examined. The BFPF was modified with sodium hydroxide (MS), sodium hydroxide/acetic acid (AM) and sodium hydroxide/acetic acid/maleated polyethylene (MM). The results showed that the treatment of BFPF with sodium hydroxide/ acetic acid/maleated polyethylene gave better properties than composites produced with either sodium hydroxide or combination of sodium hydroxide/acetic acid treatment, while untreated (UM) composite provided the poorest. This is a result of anhydride radical in MM which is absent in AM and MS. However, the tensile and impact strength for the crude LDPE indicated higher values than UM, MS, AM and MM of BFPF-LDPE composite, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile modulus, flexural strength and hardness of BFPF-LDPE composite after inclusion of UM, MS, AM and MM showed immense improvement as compared to the raw LDPE. The modified BFPF enhanced sorption resistance of the BFPF-LDPE composite. Therefore, the BFPF-LDPE composite of MM can be applied as an alternative material for the replacement of particle board in construction and automobile parts.

High mortality rate couple with the economic effect of deadly Plasmodium falciparum caused by malaria necessitated this study. Evaluation of bioactive constituents and antimalarial properties of the aqueous-methanolic extract of Asclepias syriaca (A. syriaca) was investigated. Bioactive constituents were determined by GC-MS analytical detector. Albino rats were five in each group of six groups (A-E) in which group A was non-infected with P. falciparum (negative control). Groups B, C, D, E were infected with 1×107/ml P. falciparum without treated, treated with standard drugs of 20mg of chloroquine/kg, 100, 200 and 400mg of extracted A. syriaca/kg, respectively. Hematological and biochemical parameters of Plasmodium falciparum infected albino rats were determined. Aqueous-methanolic extract of A. syriaca leaf made up of high content of pyrimidine, quinolone and silane derivatives with synergetic properties with potency for therapeutic of malarial and viral infectious diseases. MCV, PLA, RBC, total protein and albumin were significantly elevated upon infected P. falciparum and gradually increases with dosage and time when treated with chloroquine and A.syriaca leaf extract but vice visa for the case WBC and creatinine. Parasitemia level significantly declined when administered with chloroquine and A, syriaca leaf extract for 36 hours. Hence serves as an effective medication in place of chloroquine due to its availability, avoidable and as a source of relevant medications to Plasmodium spp and viral infectious diseases.

Nanocellulose may be in nanocrystal or nanofibre form which may be extracted from purified cellulose by different methods. These include methods like dual-opposite-spinneret electrospinning, mechanical methods, a combination of chemical and mechanical methods, cryocrushing and enzymatic approaches. Nitrocelluloses have been extracted from various plants but not much has been reported on the yield from grasses. In this study, cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) were extracted from three common grasses; Pennisetum purpureum, Cynodon dactylon and Axonopus compressus by formic acid hydrolysis with the micrograph of CNF for each grass obtained. The CNFs are web-like long fibrous structure with diameter ranging between 3 to 5 nm and yield of over 75%. The crystallinity index averaged 76% and the onset temperature of thermal decomposition was 199 °C. Thus, Pennisetum purpureum, Cynodon dactylon and Axonopus compressus are good eco-friendly sources of CNF for potential application as new source of nanofillers for reinforcement of nanocomposite films.

Biosensor devices are composed of bioreceptor, transducer and detector that detect and aid in measuring parameters of some primary metabolites, immunological molecules and many more materials. These devices are of various types including piezoelectric which exhibit high efficiency based on sensitivity, response time, selectivity and linearity. Currently, newly developed nanobiosensors help in transduction and are employed to sense biomolecules bearing high sensitivity. Nanobiosensors also could be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature and equally function in sensing mechanism of the biosensing technology. Thus, different nanobiosensors are greatly utilized to reduce poison in products, disease diagnostics and in many biomedical applications. Based on all these factors and the positive impact of using these devices; nanobiosensor types, applications, challenges and preferred solution in biomedical technology were considered and discussed in this work.

The increasing rate of plastic waste generation coupled with undesirable disposal, especially in the urban areas, has resulted to environmental threat in the globe which has been attributed to legislation, poor biodegradability, economic growth, rural to urban migration, increase in consumption, and standard or cost of living. This chapter will focus on overview, properties of virgin and recycled thermoplastics, recycling techniques, and applications of different types of thermoplastic articles such as HDPE, LDPE, PVC, PET, and polypropylene (PP) with improved properties based on modifications using eco-friendly materials for sustainable applications in order to save human existence from the menace of environmental and economic issues.

Mechanical (flexural, hardness, and impact) properties and interfacial adhesion of acetic anhydride (AC) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) treated Cissus populnea fiber-unsaturated polyester (UPR) composites was investigated because of poor durability of the natural fiber-UPR composite applications. UPR composites were prepared with untreated and optimally treated fiber using hand-lay-up technique. Optimization of mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion between the fiber and UPR were determined using response surface methodology and fiber pull-out method, respectively. AC and EDTA treated fibers improved the flexural and hardness properties and interfacial adhesion at reduced impact strength. This is corroborated with morphology of the composites.

Objectives: To investigate the biochemical effects of oral doses of Piper guineense (P. guineense) leaf extract on female diabetics using experimental animals. Methods: The animals, albino wistar rats, were divided into six groups (n=7). Animals in group 1 received water and feed only. Animals in groups 2 to 6 were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Methanolic leave extracts of P. Guineense were administered to groups 2 to 4 in 40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weights representing low, medium and high doses respectively. Group 5 animals were treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of Glibenclamide (Antidiabetic drug) and group 6 animals were left untreated. All treatments were carried out orally and lasted for a period of 14 days. At the end of the 14 days, the animals were humanely sacrificed through cardiac puncture and the blood samples collected for the analyses of some liver and kidney function parameters using assay kits. Results: The results showed that the oral doses of methanolic leave extract of P. guineense had no negative alterations on the biochemical parameters analyzed namely, 1) Lipid profile (Triglyceride, Low Density Lipoprotein, Total Cholesterol and High Density Lipoprotein levels), 2) electrolytes profile (Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Bicarbonate, 3) Urea) and 4) Creatinine levels. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the urea levels of treated animals and marked but insignificant reduction in the total cholesterol level and increase in High Density Lipoprotein at P<0.05. Conclusion and Implication for Translation: The reported antidiabetic P. guineense leaf extract caused no adverse biochemical changes in female diabetic rats. This implied that the extract may not distort the lipid and electrolyte profiles of female diabetics and could be pharmacologically safe in the management of female diabetics. It further implied that the Piper, Uziza, commonly taken after childbirth by nursing mothers in some tropical countries may maintain the lipid and electrolyte balance and consequently, prevent hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Keywords: • Diabetes • Piper guineense • Lipids • Electrolytes • Methanolic extracts • Black pepper © 2019 Gordon et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The characteristics of wood filler-thermoplastics composites coupled with the incessant order of these products on a daily basis have long been of scholarly interest. This work is aimed at investigating the influence of chemical-modified avocado pear wood filler (APWF) on the mechanical and water absorption behavior of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The avocado pear wood filler-low density polyethylene (APWF/ LDPE) composites were prepared by fresh APWF (UN) modified by the action of sodium hydroxide (NS), sodium hydroxide/acetic acid (AA) and sodium hydroxide/acetic acid/maleate polyethylene (MP), respectively and then merged with a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix by injection molding, respectively. The effect of the filler content on the properties was evaluated. The active groups and morphology of APWF/LDPE composites were studied using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The treated APWF exhibited better mechanical properties and higher water resistance than the UN with a greater improvement for the MP of the APWF/LDPE composite as captured by a FTIR and SEM graph. Consequently, the MP of an APWF/LDPE composite is highly recommended as an application for furniture and finishings.

The research was carried out to investigate the optimization of surface modification for avocado wood flour (ACWF) and the characterization of the treated and untreated of avocado wood flour-linear low density polyethylene composite (ACWF-LLDPE). The variation of treated filler on the mechanical and water sorption properties was investigated. The untreated and treated ACWF-LLDPE composite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Central Composite design of response surface model (RSM) was used to forecast the mechanical and water sorption properties of ACWF-LLDPE composite. The properties of ACWF-LLDPE composite was statistically analysed and found to be significant. The optimal treatment was particle size of 100 mesh and filler content of 22.97%. At optimum particle size and filler content, the mechanical properties were 24.972 MPa tensile strength (TS), 6.195% elongation (E), 0.863 GPa tensile modulus (TM), 62.664 MPa flexural strength (FS), 0.809 GPa flexural modulus (FM), 699.918 Pa Brinell hardness (BH), and 91.619 kJ/m(2) impact strength (IM). The corresponding water sorption (WS) at this condition was 3.338%. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.

Haematological (Red blood cell ‘RBC’, packed cell volume ‘PCV’, white blood cell ‘WBC’ and platelet ‘PLA’) and biochemical (total protein, serum albumin and creatinine) parameters of rats treated with aqueous-methanolic extract of A. hispidum leaves on blood serum of rats infected with P. falciparum was investigated. The chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Biochemical and haematological parameters were examined using standard methods. The aqueous-methanolic extract of A. hispidum consist of Allyldimethyl-Formamide, Erythritol, Glycerin, Benzoylmethyl-3-hydroxy-5-nitro-2-indolinone, Silanol and Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester with composition of 13.578, 2.796, 56.72, 5.486, 1.415 and 10.005%, respectively. The increase in RBC, PCV, PLA and albumin with reduction in WBC and creatinine level compared to normal control when treated with aqueous – methanolic extract of A. hispidum leaves were obtained with reduced parasitaemia. Aqueous – methanolic A. hispidum leaves, at 400mg/kg for 72 hours proved to be the best for treatment of malaria parasite based on haematological and biochemical parameters assessed. Keywords : Acanthospermum hispidum , Plasmodium falciparum, GC- MS, haematological and Biochemical parameters

Maximizing the use of natural fibres as ecofriendly materials in polymer composite applications reduces its threat posed to human through increased biomass in the environment. In this study, the effect of chemical surface modifications using acetic anhydride and sodium hydroxide solution on the mechanical properties of Combretum dolichopetalum fibre-HDPE composites was aimed to be investigated. Fibres were treated with 6 % acetic anhydride and 12 % NaOH solutions for 30 minutes at room temperature based on optimum treatment conditions after water retting extraction process, then, the composites were prepared. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, hardness and impact strength) of the C. dolichopetalum fibre reinforced HDPE matrix composites and scanning electron microscope analysis were studied. C. dolichopetalum fibre was not only effective as reinforcement of HDPE matrix but mercerization and acetylation of C. dolichopetalum fibre ultimately enhanced the mechanical properties of HDPE composites. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that HDPE matrix possess better adhesive interaction with acetylated and mercerized C. dolichopetalum fibre compared with untreated C. dolichopetalum fibre at ultimate tensile strength.