This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the essential oil obtained from Satureja candidissima (Munby), with a particular focus on its biological activities. The chemical composition of the oil was determined using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which led to the identification of 37 compounds accounting for 93.9% of the total oil. The principal constituents were pulegone (32.1%), menthone (23.8%) and neo-menthol (20.2%). The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH free radical scavenging and beta-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays, which indicated low activity in both cases. Antifungal efficacy, determined through disc diffusion and agar dilution methods, demonstrated significant inhibition, particularly against Aspergillus parasiticus and A. niger, which exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.250 and 0.5 mg.mL-1, respectively. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in a mice model using carrageenan-induced paw edema. At a dose of 250 mg.kg-1, the essential oil produced moderate anti-inflammatory effects, resulting in 36.31% inhibition of edema. Antinociceptive activity, assessed via the acetic acid-induced writhing test, showed a significant reduction in pain behavior at both 100 and 250 mg.kg1 doses, with effects comparable to the standard analgesic, paracetamol. These findings highlight the potential of S. candidissima essential oil as a promising source of natural antifungal and analgesic agents, with complementary anti- inflammatory properties likely attributed to its phytochemical profile.

This study investigates the chemical composition and biological properties of the hydromethanolic extract (HME) and essential oil (EO) derived from Inula viscosa L. roots. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of hesperidin (29.05%), naringenin (10.55%), kaempferide (1.08%), and tangeretin (0.36%) in HME. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of EO indicated that the predominant compounds were β-acorenol (11.36%) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester (9.83%). The HME contained a significant amount of polyphenols (34.58 mg GAE g-1 extract). All extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity, outperforming standard antioxidants such as BHT and vitamins E and C. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated moderate antimicrobial and high cytotoxic activity against selected microbial strains and Artemia salina, respectively, as well as potent antalgic effects comparable to paracetamol (88.35%). The findings highlight the value of I. viscosa roots as a natural resource for a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. Its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties make it an appealing candidate for use as a natural preservative.

This study aimed to examine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of Teucrium flavum and Teucrium polium, collected from Babor mountains in Algeria. The essential oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty-two components were identified in the essential oil of T. flavum representing 91.40% of the total essential oil. Its major components were germacrene D (18.0%) followed by (Z)-gamma-bisabolene (10.3%), beta-caryophyllene (7.6%), alpha-pinene (6.7%), beta-pinene (6.2%), alpha-humulene (5.8%) and limonene (5%) with a prevalence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (59.1%). However, sixty-four components were identified in the essential oil of T. polium (96.80% of total essential oil). Its major components were germacrene D (36.5%), beta-pinene (11.8%), epi-alpha-cadinol (9%) and bicyclogermacrene (7.3%). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted the most abundant fraction of this essential oil (55.6%). The antioxidant potential was tested using free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrzyl, and beta-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Both the essential oils exhibited moderate to low activity. Overall, the essential oil of T. flavum was more effective than that of T. polium.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-lipid peroxidation activities of two endemic plants of the central Sahara; Salvia chudaei Batt.et Trab and Lavandula antineae Maire (Lamiaceae), as well as their chemical composition of hydromethanolic extracts.In the test of carrageenan-induced oedema in mice, L. antineae extract, at the dose of 200 mg/kg, revealed good anti-inflammatory activity (P˂0.05)showing 80.74% reduction in the paw thickness comparable to that produced by the standard drug aspirin an83.44% at 4h, while S. chudaei extract was found to have moderate activity (50.74%).When the plant extracts were applied topically at a dosage of 1 and 2 mg per ear, the reduction of ear oedema inflammation was very remarkable compared to the mice of the control group.The plant extracts also showed anti-lipid peroxidation activity with no significant difference compared to ascorbic acid (77.63 ± 1.58%).In addition, the chemical characterization of two extracts by HPLC-DAD revealed the presence of various phenolic acids and flavonoids.These findings showed that Lavandula antineae and Salvia chudaei displays remarkable antiinflammatory and anti-lipid peroxidation activities and hence can be potential natural sources in health and medicine.

Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants are interesting natural products due to their large therapeutic potential and benefits as natural preservatives. In the present work, the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antifungal effects of the essential oils of Origanum vulgare (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme), alone or in combination, were investigated. The chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The antioxidant activity was investigated using a DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. The in vitro antifungal activity was evaluated by disc diffusion, agar dilution, and spore germination inhibition methods against Fusarium species isolated from dry rot of potato tubers, whereas the combined effect of the two essential oils was evaluated by the checkerboard technique. GC and GC-MS analyses resulted in the identification of 37 and 41 components in T. vulgaris and O. vulgare EOs, representing 80.17% and 93.00% of the total oils, respectively. The main compound of thyme oil was thymol (46.97%) and that of oregano oil was carvacrol (59.03%). The DPPH scavenging assay showed a high antioxidant capacity for both essential oils, alone or in combination. The antifungal activity revealed that O. vulgare and T. vulgaris oils exhibited a great potential antifungal activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.078 - 0.156 mu L/mL and 0.156 - 0.313 mu L/mL, respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of combined applications of the tested oils ranged from 0.375 to 0.500, suggesting synergistic interactions. Moreover, the oils were found to be effective against the spore germination of all tested Fusarium species. In vivo experiments against Fusarium oxysporum with wounded potato tubers supported these results. The findings indicated that both essential oils, alone or in combination, possess antioxidant and antifungal properties and can therefore be used as a potential source of bioactive molecules for preventing lipid peroxidation and fungal contamination of food. (C) All Rights Reserved

Isolation of oils from leaves of Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus oxycedrus was obtained by steam distillation extraction method. The compositions of essential oils (EOs) were studied by means of GC-MS and GC-FID, using the internal standard method and relative response factors. Around ninety eight compounds were determined in total, representing 98.25 g/100 g of EO of J. phoenicea and 98.48 g/100 g of EO of J. oxycedrus, respectively. The volatile leaf oils were dominated by the terpenic hydrocarbon fractions (79.87 g/100 g) and (61.27 g/100 g) characterized by high contents of alpha-pinene (64.6 g/100 g) and (54.0 g/100 g) in J. phoenicea and J. oxycedrus, respectively, as the main component. Also, the enantiomeric distribution of alpha-pinene, sabinene, camphene, delta-3-carene, beta-pinene, limonene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, bomyl acetate, and bomeol in both oils is presented for the first time.

La diversité du monde végétal et sa richesse moléculaire constituent une source importante de molécules bioactives d’origine naturelle. Dans le but de rechercher de nouveaux composés biologiquement actifs, la composition chimique de l’huile essentielle d’Anethum graveolens a été étudiée ainsi que ses activités antioxydante et antiinflammatoire. Une caractérisation chimique par CPG et CPG/SM a montré que cette huile essentielle est composée principalement de monoterpènes oxygénés (42,1 %) de sesquiterpènes oxygénés (46,7 %). Le pouvoir antioxydant a été évalué par deux méthodes, le test de DPPH et le test de blanchiment des caroténoïdes, les résultats ont révélé que cette huile essentielle présente un effet scavenger assez élevé avec un IC50 = 14,25 mg/ml. Par ailleurs, l’huile essentielle d’Anethum graveolens a montré une excellente activité antiinflammatoire testée in vivo avec une inhibition de 50 %.

This work deals with the determination of the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the hydro-methanolic extract and its fractions of the aerial parts of two medicinal species of thyme: Thymus hirtus Willd and Thymus lanceolatus Desf. A chemical analysis by colorimetric and chromatographic methods was also carried out on the various extracts prepared. The results show that the polyphenol contents of diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts of Thymus hirtus are the highest (261.66 ± 3.66 and 272.80 ± 8.88 mgEAG/g.d.e, (respectively) while the largest amounts of flavonoids were observed in diethyl ether and chloroform extracts of Thymus lanceolatus (3.39 ± 0.03 and 3.13 ± 0.08 mg EQ/g.d.e, respectively). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the hydro-methanolic extract revealed its richness in phenolic acids. Concerning antioxidant activity, the diethyl ether fraction of Thymus hirtus was found to be more active than other extracts and demonstrated strong free radical scavenging activity (SC 50 = 13.12 μg/mL) with very high protective capacity of the β- carotene–linoleic acid system (96.65 ± 0.720%). As for the antimicrobial activity, extracts of the species Thymus lanceolatus were the most active and the strains Staphylococcus aureus and Umpelopsis ramaniana were the most sensitive with an MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) ranging from 0.391 to 0.098 mg/mL.

Purpose: To investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant properties and antibacterial effects of n-butanol extract of Lepidium sativum (Brassicaceae) seed. Methods: The antioxidant activity of extracts of the seed obtained by maceration was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, and 13-caroten/linoleic acid assays. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against five strains of pathogenic microorganisms, viz, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Enterococcus feacalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25992 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27852. Its phytochemical composition was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: A total of 17 compounds were identified by LC-MS, among which four compounds were kaempferol-hexose-rhamnose and three derivatives of kaempferol-rhamnose-hexose (benzoyl hexose) were previously unknown. The extract had better antioxidant than antibacterial properties. Conclusion: These results indicate that n-butanol extract of Lepidium sativum seeds possesses good antioxidant properties which are most likely due to the presence of quercetin and kaempferol. Thus, these compounds account for the use of Lepidium sativum in traditional medicine.

New bioactive natural products, the phenolic composition and the biological activities of organic extracts from the needles of the Algerian Pinus coulteri were investigated. The analysis by HPLC-DAD of crude extract revealed the presence of 10 phenolic acids and nine flavonoids. In vitro anti-oxidant activities were performed using four different tests. The greatest antiradical activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 = 3.2 ± 0.3 µg/mL), whereas the diethyl ether fraction had the higher contents of total phenolics and flavonoids and exhibited a highest activity in reducing power and β-carotene–linoleic acid tests with EC50= 67.1 ± 0.4 μg/mL and 71.5 ± 0.2% of inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, a low to moderate antimicrobial activity according to all extracts was revealed against eight bacteria tested. The MIC value of chloroform fraction showed a strong degree of antibacterial activity (<0.09 mg/mL). The crude extract was found toxic with LC50 value of 15.2 μg/mL by brine shrimp toxicity assay. The needle extract of P. coulteri is rich in valuable biologically active compounds and could represent a new resource of anti-oxidant agents for the treatment of diseases. Video Clip of Methodology: Disc diffusion test: 6 min 41 sec Click to watch

Résumé L’extrait hydrométhanolique des parties aériennes d’ Origanum glandulosum Batt. et Trab. a été étudié pour sa composition chimique par analyse CLHP et ses activités antioxydante, anti-inflammatoire et cytotoxique. L’analyse chromatographique a révélé la présence de trois acides phénoliques et de huit flavonoïdes. Les résultats de pouvoir antioxydant qui ont été réalisé par la méthode de DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) et de β-carotène–acide linoléique indiquent que l’extrait possède une forte activité. Les résultats ont montré aussi que l’extrait de la plante a une excellente activité anti-inflammatoire dans les deux modèles in vivo (l’oedème de la patte induit par la carragénine et l’oedème de l’oreille induit par l’huile de croton). De plus, cet extrait a été trouvé comme possédant une bonne toxicité contre les larves d’Artémia (LC 50 = 17,64 μg/ml).

L’extrait hydrométhanolique des parties aériennes d’Origanum glandulosum Batt. et Trab. a été étudié pour sa composition chimique par analyse CLHP et ses activités antioxydante, anti-inflammatoire et cytotoxique. L’analyse chromatographique a révélé la présence de trois acides phénoliques et de huit flavonoïdes. Les résultats de pouvoir anti-oxydant qui ont été réalisé par la méthode de DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) et de β-carotène–acide lino-léique indiquent que l’extrait possède une forte activité. Les résultats ont montré aussi que l’extrait de la plante a une excellente activité anti-inflammatoire dans les deux modèles in vivo (l’œdème de la patte induit par la carragénine et l’œdème de l’oreille induit par l’huile de croton). De plus, cet extrait a été trouvé comme possédant une bonne toxicité contre les larves d’Artémia (LC50 = 17,64 μg/ml).

Purpose: To determine the chemical composition as well as in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the Pituranthos scoparius essential oil. Methods: The chemical composition of a hydro-distilled essential oil of P.scoparius was analyzed by GC and GC/MS systems. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays while antimicrobial activity was screened using the disk diffusion method against a panel of six bacterial ( Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebseilla pneumonia, Agrobacterium tumefaciens ) and four fungal strains ( Candida albicans, Mucor sp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicilium expansum ). Results: A total of 46 constituents were identified, representing 85.6 % of the oil; limonene (46.9 %) and 1,8-cineole (7.6 %) were the main components. The free radical scavenging activity of the oil was moderate with IC 50 of 11.21 mg/mL. The oil showed weak to strong antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms strains tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 2.000 to 0.019 mg/mL. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the essential oil of P.scoparius has a potential for use as a preservative and flavorant in processed foods. Keywords: Pituranthos scoparius , Essential oil, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial activity, Flavorant

The essential oils from two populations in Algeria of the fruit of Ammodaucus leucotrichus were obtained by hydrodistillation and examined by GC and GC-MS. Fifty different compounds were determined in total and more than 95% of the essential oils were identified. The most abundant components were perillaldehyde (60.1% and 37.5%), limonene (6.9% and 29.2%), perilla alcohol (6.7% and 7.0%), methyl perillate (6.4% and 3.0%) and shybinol (4.3% and 6.9%) respectively. The oils were tested for their antioxidant activity by using the DDPH and -carotene/linoleic acid assays. Both of these in vitro methods showed that the essential oils have a less powerful reducing than the well-known synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and E-Vitamin. The DPPH method showed a significant activity for both oils with IC50 values of 6.5 mg.mL(-1) for sample (AL(2)) from Debdeb and 9.35 mg.mL(-1) for sample (AL(1)) from Messaad. Also, the essential oils showed stronger activity against the tested Gram positive and negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oils ranged from 0.046 mg.mL(-1) to 0.750 mg.mL(-1) for Gram-positive bacteria, and from 0.187 mg.mL(-1) to 3.0 mg.mL(-1) for Gram-negative bacteria.

The chemical composition of essential oil isolated from the needles of Juniperus commuis L. (Cupressaceae) by hydrodistillation was analyzed by capillary GC-FID and GC/ MS. A total of seventy-four compounds representing 93.35% of the oil were identified, the main components from oil were a-pinene (14.2%) followed by sabinene (12.4%), terpinene 4-ol (14.1%), gamma-terpinene (5.9%), (2Z, 6E) farnesol (5.4%) and manoyl oxide (4.1%). The enantiomeric distribution of alpha-pinene, sabinene, camphene, beta-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, borneol and myrtenol were successfully determined in essential oil of J. communis.

The hydromethanolic extract of aerial parts of endemic Salvia chudaei Batt. et Trab. and its fractions were investigated for their phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. For phytochemical screening, some common and available standard tests were done. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of anthraquinones, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, O-heterosides, C-heterosides. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts varied between 25.15-537.58 mg GAE/g extract and 1.43 - 4.68 mg QE/g extract, respectively. In-vitro antioxidant activities were performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reducing power, βcarotene–linoleic acid tests. The results of activity tests were compared with standards such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid and α- tocopherol. The results indicated that diethyl ether fraction exhibited stronger antioxidant activities than hydromethanolic crude extract and other fractions. Antimicrobial activity was examined against 9 bacteria and one yeast. Only two bacterial strains (Salmonella enterica and Klebsiella pneumonia) were not inhibited by plants extracts, and diethyl ether fraction was generally more active than others. Hydromethanolic extract was subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay for possible cytotoxicity. Concentration dependent increment of brine shrimp nauplii mortality caused by the extract was indicative of the presence of cytotoxic constituents in this extract.