The paper aims to analyze the European concerns and approaches to environmental protection and climate change and determine the main trade regulation tools applied by the block. The research methodology is based on the following methods. The method of induction allowed studying different approaches to environmental protection and their historical evolution. The axiomatic approach was applied to determine the connectivity between climate change and Industry 4.0. The synthesis of the methods mentioned above allowed the authors to argue that new environmental issues have been actively integrated into the international trade regulations in recent years. The new concepts such as “green growth,” “green economy,” and “green course” are not just national concerns anymore; these concepts have become an integral part of the current trade negotiations agenda. These concepts are increasingly used as an argument to support the implementation of trade measures regarding market access to goods and services for exports of certain industrial products. This approach is called “green protectionism.” Based on the analysis, the authors substantiate that the European Union, which launched the Green Deal program in 2019, is now most actively forcing the adaptation of its national legislation following the goals set. At the current stage of increasing protectionist tendencies in the world economy, the improvement of environmental requirements is an effective tool to curb foreign competition in completely legitimate ways.

This chapter focuses on the evolution, modern trends, and challenges facing the multilateral trading system. This is a complex set of basic principles of regulation and rules for application on a national and regional scale. The main global platform for negotiations is the WTO, the mechanism, goals, and objectives of which make it possible to organize and control the negotiation process on the global level. Special focus is placed on trade promotion measures as well as sanctions.

The article examines the existing challenges to sustainable development of the world community in modern conditions, notes the specifics of the transformation of the world configuration in the direction of polycentrism, which is based on the sovereignty of states as institutions responsible for security and welfare of citizens, for the formation of an enabling environment for business activity; noted that since polycentrism is based on compliance with international law, the significance of interstate agreements in various areas of the world. In these conditions the renewed role of WTO as the international organization based on the agreed principles inevitably increases. The authors propose developed recommendations for the formation of a strategy and a new effective policy of Russia participation in the WTO.

This chapter analyses changes in Russia’s agri-food trade relations after 2014 with a specific focus on regional trade agreements. The introduction of countersanctions against Western countries in 2014 spurred the need to replace some of Russia’s most important foreign food trade partners. Free trade agreements can be effective instruments to boost trade and strengthen ties between countries. Russia is a latecomer in the race for free trade agreements, but a series of agreements have been negotiated since 2015. The portfolio of free trade agreements is still in an early stage, but there is a clear turn to Asia in Russia’s trade. China’s role in total trade as well as in agri-food trade with Russia is considerably strengthened despite the lack of trade preferences so far.

The results of research on the key area "Sestra River" (229 km2), located within St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, are considered. The study of recreational development of the territory was carried out in 2009-2010 and 2019-2020 using field surveys, analysis of topographic maps of different times and satellite images. Maps of recreational development of the model territory for the 1960s, 2010, and 2020 were compiled. In 2010, 16 types of land use were identified as the territories that have a recreational function as the main or additional one; this number does not include complexes with a primary residential and additional recreational function (cottage settlements, etc.). In 2020, 17 types of such territories were identified. Comparison of maps of recreational development revealed qualitative changes in various recreational complexes in 2010-2020: collective gardens, social dachas, year-round and seasonal complexes with low-rise buildings, cultural entertainment and sports-entertainment centers, etc. Over 10 years, the share of the area of recreational and residential-recreational complexes at the "Sestra River" key area has increased from 4.8 to 5.2 %. Recreational activities are being diversified. While preserving its traditional types, new types appear: farms with a recreational function, rope parks, entertainment complexes, etc. Recreational complexes for year-round use with low-rise buildings on forest land are being created. Cottage development becomes comparable to recreational development of the territory. A significant part of the houses in cottage and dacha settlements and collective gardens are used as permanent residence; at the same time, their recreational function becomes additional. Increasing the area of cottage settlements on forest land reduces the availability of landscapes of high recreational value for the population. Recreational transformation of territories, which is inseparable from suburbanization in the zones of influence of major cities, is rapidly changing the landscapes.

The network of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) of Saint Petersburg in 2020 included 8 nature reserves and 7 natural monuments of the regional level, with a total area of 6143 ha, or 4.3% of the city's territory. Almost all urban protected areas bear traces of anthropogenic impacts of various ages, and therefore their landscapes can be considered as cultural. Many historical and cultural monuments of the XVIII–XX centuries are preserved within the protected areas of Saint Petersburg. The article considers SPNA of Saint Petersburg: 1) as landscapes that preserve the results of human activity of different ages, including cultural heritage sites; 2) as emerging special cultural landscapes of the metropolis. The article analyzes the contribution of human activity to modern landscapes of SPNA and describes the associative value of cultural landscapes. The difficulties of creating new protected areas and contradictions between the tasks of preserving natural and cultural heritage in the management of SPNA are discussed. It is proved that the protected areas of Saint Petersburg are becoming more and more famous not only as places of "traditional" short-term recreation, but also as locations for new types of activity, including walks on ecological trails. The increasing popularity of protected areas is evidenced by the frequency of their mentions at the Internet.

The article analyzes the possibility of using landscape-dynamic maps to assess the recreational disturbance of the territory and the distribution of recreational loads. The connections of recreational disturbance with recreational loads in different types of natural complexes are shown. A step-by-step description of the authors' methodology of mapping recreational disturbance on a landscape-dynamic basis is given. The results of ten-year studies of recreational loads and recreational disturbance of natural complexes at the test area within the natural protected area Lake Shchuchye (St. Petersburg) are analyzed. The relationship of the distribution of recreants with the landscape structure of the territory is shown, namely with the features of landscape sites and long-term states of landscapes. With the help of a number of indicators, the degree of disturbance of natural territorial complexes is estimated, and the change of recreational loads within the test area for 10 years is considered. With the help of landscape-dynamic maps, we demonstrate the processes of restoring the ground vegetation and reducing the total recreational disturbance - which appeared in the first years after the introduction of the protected area regime - in most of the territory. Mapping recreational disturbance on a landscape-dynamic basis made it possible to identify problem areas of the territory where the regeneration processes are slowed down or the degradation of natural complexes will continue. It is in these areas that priority management decisions should be taken to reduce recreational loads and regulate recreational flows.

The article traces the history of the development of legal legislation related to the recreational development of the territory. Five stages of formation are considered. For each stage the types of recreational areas are characterized. These types are reflected in the regulatory legal acts of each time period. Recreational nature management takes a significant place in the structure of nature management in Russia. It's modern regulatory and legal framework is analyzed in particular. The study revealed the main problems of involving territories in the recreational sphere from the standpoint of the main normative documents — the codes of the Russian Federation: Land, Water, Forest and Town-planning and Federal laws supplementing them. The analysis of the current legislation and the terminology used in it provides the basis for the correlation of recreational nature management with five categories of land: forest lands, agricultural lands, water resources, build-up areas (settlements) and lands of specially protected areas and objects. The necessity of integration of the concepts of «cultural landscape», «landscape planning» and «landscape plan» in the legal field with the aim of streamlining the process of planning and design of recreational areas and synchronization of the legislation in the sphere of recreational nature management is suggested in the article.

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of current Russian foreign trade policy and evaluates empirically its influence on the country's trade flows. First, it considers the role of trade in the country's economic development. Second, it examines the evolution of the trade policy and the effect of the WTO accession process on its development. Third, Russian foreign trade policy is contextualised in broader regional perspective, looking at relations with EAEU partners, EU, APEC and BRICS. Finally, the authors explore the impact of 'sanctions' on Russian trade. The authors apply an augmented gravity model to explore the influence of the Russian foreign trade policy on bilateral trade flows. They conclude that tariff liberalisation may increase foreign trade, WTO accession asserted a significant positive influence on the Russia's trade flows, and economic sanctions hurt Russian exporters significantly. Trade with APEC partners is relatively more promising than with BRICS, EU or EAEU.

The chapter analyses how bilateral ties between the EU and Russia and their regulation influence the political and economic climate in the region. It provides the overview of Russia's trade policy towards EU as a main trade and investment partner and explains how the liberalization of the economy and trade policy and Russia's accession to the WTO attracted the attention of Western European business to the large scale and highly segmented Russian market. The main focus is on the factors that have negatively influenced the bilateral relations and led to the significant contradiction between Russia and EU, such as the financial crisis 2008–2009, political confrontation in Georgia, the initiation of the Eastern Partnership, the Association Agreement between Ukraine, and then the EU added even more serious problems. The chapter will also cover the problem of the current limitations in trade and technological cooperation from the EU side ("sanctions") and the Russian food embargo ("contra-sanctions").

Recreational nature management becomes vital in the context of continuously developing recreation. Regulation of recreational impact and control of acceptable changes in natural territorial complexes (landscapes) due to recreation is one of the main tasks of recreational nature management. The paper considers the approach to the analysis of the interaction of recreation and landscape based on a landscape-dynamic concept, as well as the method of mapping and monitoring recreational disturbance of the territory for managing recreational use of natural protected areas. We analyze the experience of monitoring recreational disturbance of the test area (Schuchye Lake Natural Reserve, Saint-Petersburg) during 2008 - 2019 years. There is a relationship of the distribution of recreants with landscape structure of the territory, namely, with the features of landscape sites and long-term states of landscapes. We have revealed a decrease in recreational disturbance despite an increase in the number of recreants. Positive dynamics is due to both the restriction of vehicle access to the coast of the lake and providing the territory with the special places for rest. We give recommendations for making priority management decisions related to the development of recreation in the studied area. Further attention should be focused on controlling the most attractive and vulnerable areas, especially complexes of sand hills near the lake coast.

The article analyzes the scientific works of the academician N. Ozeretskovsky. The possibility and prospects of using his descriptions as scientific data for a multivalent assessment of the region and to study the historic-geographical differentiation of the space of European Russia in the late 18th century are demonstrated by example the description made in the course of his 1785 expedition. The Ladoga region as that most comprehensively described by N. Ozeretskovsky has been selected for a solution to this problem. The detailed analysis of the academician's descriptions and the maps which he had at his disposal allowed us to select eight historic-geographical districts in the Ladoga region. Refs 11. Figs 2.

Maximizing the benefits of international division of labor and sharing the achievements of innovative development is possible only with the existence of a strict system of rules and regulations. Such system would enable fair regulation of international trade, ensure the transparency of market access and make it possible to challenge discriminatory measures, as well as to maintain certain measures to protect the interests of domestic producers. The creation of the multilateral trading system has started with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and was subsequently developed in the documents and codes, the decisions of the negotiating rounds. Since 1995, a set of rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) became the basis of the multilateral trading system. All rules are worked out at the multilateral level. However, in recent years the negotiations within the WTO has slowed down, that affected the quality and speed of decision-making on key issues of global development. That provokes the discussion it on a certain crisis of the WTO as the main regulator of world trade, and therefore the need to provide both institutional and substantive reforms.

The 21 st century is marked by an increase in the role of recreation nature management in development of the northern industrial regions. Investigations identified in the Noril’sk region four stages in the emergence and evolution of recreation nature management: from the establishment of separate recreation complexes and territories to the formation of recreation zones. An account is given of 12 types of recreational complexes and territories which are largely similar to those which are identified in the European part of Russia. The study revealed the main development tendencies in recreation nature management: an increase in diversity of recreational complexes and recreational territories, an enhancement in the role of recreation in residential areas, and the emergence of complexes of elite recreation. Our research has demonstrated that the practical implementation of recreation nature management in the immediate vicinities to Noril’sk is inconsistent with the dictates of the present time.

After the World War II the lack of the concerted effort and the multilateral system of regulation as well as the legal base for their interaction became evident. Active efforts aimed at the creation of the International Trade Organization, that was supposed to be the third pillar of the international system with the IMF and World Bank, the GATT and later on the foundation of the WTO contributed to the wide competence of the multilateral regulation system. The contemporary multilateral regulation system covers a wide range of areas and problems of international and national development, including the trade policy formulation as an instrument of the promotion of national interests. The interaction and coherence of the international organizations in this particular area is one of the most actual topics.

The main aim of this complex of measures is to counteract the unfair competition from imported goods (antidumping and countervailing measures) or the increase of the import that could cause serious injury to the national industry (safeguards). EC contingency trade remedies are applicable to all imports from third countries except for members of the European Economic Area (EEA). AD measures are the EC's most frequently used trade defence instrument. The procedure for countervailing investigations is similar to that for AD investigations, in particular with regard to the determination of injury, the definition of Community industry, the initiation of a proceeding, the provisional and definitive measures, and the termination of the proceedings.

SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe , Seite 391 - 408

Abstract Transboundary landscapes are the territories most prone to change. Their dominant cultural landscape is determined not only by natural processes, ethnic features, internal state politics, and foreign politics but also by the human memory and existing mental space. The goal of the research presented in this article was to demonstrate how the change in political borders influenced the Karelian landscape. Ethnic changes, and the corresponding changes in how the landscape was viewed, led to an altered pattern of land use, which sometimes resulted in the creation of an almost new type of cultural landscape. The ways in which the landscape existed in the minds of the people and in the attitudes of local authorities could also bring about a change in the landscape. The Karelian Isthmus (the territory of Russia adjoining the state border with Finland), which has belonged to different states and has repeatedly changed its ethnic structure, was studied as a transboundary cultural landscape. The study focused most specifically on the local cultural landscape at the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty‐first centuries, when the Karelian Isthmus became a sort of bridge connecting Russia and the countries of the European Community. Dominant and subdominant cultural landscapes were examined, based on the author's field research and interviews. During the last one hundred years, there have been three main stages in the development of cultural landscapes in the Karelian Isthmus—Finnish, Soviet, and Russian (post‐Soviet)—as well as two transition periods when restructuring of the settlement system and land use took place. The three dominant landscape types (agricultural; rural‐agricultural; and collective‐garden and recreational) that correspond to the three main stages are considered in this article, as are the three subdominant cultural landscape types (military, estate, and countryside). These transboundary territories are unstable, most of them belonging to relict landscapes, the traditional features of which would need to be maintained. The preservation and development of transboundary landscapes are a concern of all neighboring countries. Key words: Cultural landscapetransboundary landscapethe Karelian Isthmuslandscape change