BACKGROUNDLow vitamin D status is a global public health issue that vitamin D food fortification and biofortification may help to alleviate.OBJECTIVESWe investigated the effect of vitamin D food fortification and biofortification on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. We expanded the scope of earlier reviews to include adults and children, to evaluate effects by vitamin D vitamer, and investigate linear and nonlinear dose-response relations.METHODSWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and gray and unpublished literature sites for randomized controlled trials, including people of all ages, with the criteria: absence of illness affecting vitamin D absorption, duration ≥4 wk, equivalent placebo food control, dose quantification, dose ≥5 μg/d, baseline and endpoint or absolute change in 25(OH)D concentrations reported, random allocation, and participant blinding. Quality was assessed using the Jadad Scale.RESULTSData from 34 publications (2398 adults: 1345 intervention, 1053 controls; 1532 children: 970 intervention, 562 controls) were included. Random-effects meta-analysis of all studies combined (mean dose 16.2 μg/d) indicated a pooled treatment effect of 21.2 nmol/L (95% CI: 16.2, 26.2), with a greater effect for studies using cholecalciferol than ergocalciferol. Heterogeneity was high (I2  > 75%). Metaregression analyses for all studies combined suggested positive effect differences for baseline circulating 25(OH)D concentrations <50 nmol/L, dose ≥10 μg/d and a negative effect difference when the intervention arm included a calcium dose ≥500 mg/d greater than the control arm. Dose-response rates were found to be nonlinear (Wald test for nonlinearity P < 0.001). For all studies combined, a threshold occurred at ∼26 nmol/L for a dose of ∼21 μg/d.CONCLUSIONSThese results support use of vitamin D food fortification to improve circulating 25(OH)D circulations in populations. This work was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42020145497.

Objective: The objective of this review is to assess the effect of vitamin D food fortification and biofortification on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is a global issue with considerable implications for public health. Many people do not receive sufficient sun exposure for adequate endogenous vitamin D synthesis, nor sufficient dietary vitamin D to meet their requirements. Increasing sun exposure may increase the risk of skin cancer, and vitamin D supplementation is not favored as a population-wide solution. Previous systematic reviews have shown a dose-dependent effect of vitamin D-fortified foods on circulating 25(OH)D concentrations. However, previous reviews did not investigate the efficacy of vitamin D fortification and biofortification in children, and several new fortification and biofortification trials in adults have been published since these earlier systematic reviews were conducted. Inclusion criteria: This review will consider randomized controlled trials that investigate the effect of vitamin D food fortification and biofortification on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in children and adults. Methods: CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PubMed will be searched for relevant studies published in English. Following a screening of titles and abstracts by a single author, relevant full-text articles will be independently reviewed by two authors. Two authors will independently assess methodological quality using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials. Data will be independently extracted by two authors. A meta-analysis will be conducted, and heterogeneity will be statistically tested. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42020145497

Indian languages are spoken by more than 90% of its population while most of the higher education happens in English medium. The policy makers in Indian government have realized that by introducing multilingual education electronically, they can reach out to the remotest corner of India and educate all in their mother tongue. The New Education Policy (NEP) draft just released by the government puts a heavy focus on mother tongues in education. The recent initiatives and focus on Natural Language Processing/ Artificial Intelligence (NLP/AI) in education through e-learning is not too surprising in this context. The paper presents the current initiatives in these directions by the government of India, surveys available NLP technologies particularly those for automatic translation of educational content developed by academia and industry and focuses on the Maithili language community. India's education needs are diverse and the success of e-learning depends heavily on the availability of necessary NLP tools in all languages. Almost all of major scheduled Indian languages are considered "resource-poor". While some of these languages may have the basic tools, they lack quality translation tools for delivering education in native language. The situation is more challenging in those languages where even the most basic resources and tools do not exist. Maithili - a language of Bihar and Nepal is such a language. The paper also presents an effort to develop MT resources and tools for Maithili and its application in delivering multilingual content for education.

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To enable strategies for increased dietary supply of vitamin D, such as through fortification approaches, be evidence-based, there is a need to develop models of usual food consumption, vitamin D i...

The wireless communication systems has gone from different generations from SISO systems to MIMO systems. Bandwidth is one important constraint in wireless communication. In wireless communication, high data transmission rates are essential for the services like tripple play i.e. data, voice and video. At user end the capacity determines the quality of the communication systems. This paper aims to compare the different RF wireless communication systems like SISO, MISO, SIMO and MIMO systems on the capacity basis and explaining the concept as today, the wireless communication has evolved from 2G, 3G to 4G and the companies are fighting to create networks with more and more capacity so that data rates can be increased and customers can be benefitted more. The ultimate goal of wireless communication systems is to create a global personal and multimedia communication without any capacity issues.

The wireless communication has derived to the present scenario after pasing through number of stages and generation. From analog communication of 1 generation today we talk about digital communication in 4 generation, from the generation of single transmitting antenna and single receive antenna known as SISO systems, we reached the systems with multiple transmitting and multiple receiving antennas known as MIMO systems going through the systems of Multiple Transmit and single receive antenna systems known as MISO systems and Single transmit and multiple receive systems known as SIMO systems. This paper will present a study of generation from SISO systems to MIMO systems for digital communication under the research work going at Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are autonomously self organizing and self configurable where mobile nodes are constructed dynamically without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. In this paper we present a routing protocol such as Dynamic Source Routing and Dynamic Backup Routes Routing Protocol as an on-demand routing protocol for delivery of packets as and when desirable. Our paper shows that DBR 2 P is a better on demand routing protocol as it provides backup links during link failure. Keywords— MANETs, routing protocols, proactive, reactive, hybrid, DSR, DBR 2 P

We welcome Xu’s exploration of this contentious topic.1 Many medical students, including Xu, feel that traditional anatomy teaching is too ‘hardcore’. Problem-based learning (PBL) is viewed at the other extreme, providing too little direction. If neither of these approaches to teaching anatomy is adequate during the early years of the medical course, could not student motivation towards anatomy learning decline in subsequent years? The continuum of medical student motivation felt towards learning anatomy is not often recognized as a reason for their poor knowledge. It can be far easier for students to blame a focus on self-directed learning rather than recognize their own low motivation. We suggest that student motivation towards learning of anatomy would improve if they could acquire skills to increase their knowledge. Students who successfully learn anatomy use superficial approaches (SA) and deep approaches (DA) to learning.2 SA involves learning new material by only using memorizing. This is not exciting and may lead students to become disinterested as they come to dread the hours set aside to recall a list of complicated terms. DA to learning place an emphasis on understanding and manipulating the content to be learnt.2 Pandey and Zimitat showed a significant positive correlation between DA and achieving a higher quality learning of anatomy.