European Journal of PainVolume 10, Issue S1 p. S106a-S106 397 LUMBAR TRANSFORAMINAL EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS: A PROSPECTIVE SHORT-TERM OUTCOME ANALYSIS G. De Clerck, G. De Clerck Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorT. Thyssen, T. Thyssen Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorA. Kumar, A. Kumar Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Van Wambeke, P. Van Wambeke Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Moonen, J. Moonen Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorB. Morlion, B. Morlion Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author G. De Clerck, G. De Clerck Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorT. Thyssen, T. Thyssen Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorA. Kumar, A. Kumar Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorP. Van Wambeke, P. Van Wambeke Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Moonen, J. Moonen Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorB. Morlion, B. Morlion Leuven Algology Centre, UZ Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 January 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-3801(06)60400-XRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume10, IssueS1September 2006Pages S106a-S106 RelatedInformation

William James observed that, within the stream of thought, the ways we think fluctuate as a function of our emotional and physical conditions. Extrapolating from James, we propose that individuals vary along a dimension called levels of thinking. High-level thinking involves thoughts that are self-reflective, demonstrate awareness of emotion, and incorporate a broad perspective. Low-level thinking lacks these properties. Using a stream-of-consciousness methodology, two experiments examined the parameters of level of thinking. Level of thinking is reliably rated, stable over a 2-month interval, and consistent across modality (across writing vs. talking into a microphone). Whereas levels of thinking are positively correlated with measures of negative affectivity, extremes in thinking are linked to indicants of health problems. The second experiment demonstrated that when individuals face uncontrollable noise bursts, they move to lower levels of thinking that preclude awareness of negative emotions. The adaptiveness of thinking on different levels is discussed in terms of James's contributions to our current understanding of health and coping.