Precise data on fertility results following peri- and postovulatory insemination in spontaneously ovulating gilts is lacking. Using transcutaneous sonography every 4 h during estrus as a tool for diagnosis of ovulation, the effects of different time intervals of insemination relative to ovulation were investigated with liquid semen (Experiment 1, n=76 gilts) and frozen semen (Experiment 2, n=80 gilts). In Experiment 3 (n=24 gilts) the number of Day-28 embryos related to the various intervals between insemination and ovulation was determined after the use of liquid semen. Using liquid semen the fertilization rates based on Day-2 to Day-5 embryos and the number of accessory spermatozoa decreased significantly in gilts inseminated with 2 x 10(9) spermatozoa per dosage in intervals of more than 12 h before or more than 4 h after ovulation. In the time interval 4 to 0 h before ovulation, comparable fertilization rates were obtained using frozen semen (88.1%) and liquid semen (92.5%). Fertilization rates and numbers of accessory spermatozoa decreased significantly when gilts were inseminated with frozen semen more than 4 h before or 0 to 4 h after the detection of ovulation. The percentage of Day-28 embryos was significantly higher following preovulatory insemination compared to inseminations 0 to 4 h and 4 to 8 h after ovulation. It is concluded that the optimal time of insemination using liquid semen is 12 to 0 h before ovulation, and 4 to 0 h before ovulation using frozen semen. The results stress the importance of further research on sperm transport and ovulation stimulating mechanisms, as well as studies on the time of ovulation relative to estrus-weaning intervals and estrus duration.

In pigs, high variation is seen in the duration of estrus and in the time of ovulation. This is one of a wide range of factors not related to semen quality, which possibly influences the results of field insemination trials. Experiment 1 (n=81 gilts) was performed to determine the influence of the time of ovulation on the fertilizing capacity of liquid boar semen stored up to 118 h. The objective of Experiment 2 (n=102 gilts) was to study the fertilizing potential of semen stored up to 120 h in 2 different extenders, Androhep and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS), by means of postovulatory AI. Inseminations were performed 0 to 4 h after ovulation in order to standardize the trial conditions. Fertilization rates based on Day-2 to Day-4 embryos, and the number of accessory spermatozoa per zona pellucida did not differ between semen stored for 0 to 48 and 48 to 87 h in gilts ovulating within 12 after insemination (Experiment 1). Gilts with an interval of 12 to 24 h between AI and ovulation had lower fertility results using semen stored for more than 48 h. A further decrease was observed when semen storage exceeded 87 h in those gilts ovulating later than 24 h after insemination. The time of ovulation has to be considered as being a major factor of variation in the fertility results of AI trials. In Experiment 2, fertilization rates and numbers of accessory spermatozoa decreased between semen stored for 0 to 24 and 24 to 48 h in BTS, and between semen stored for 0 to 24 and 48 to 72 h in Androhep. Significant differences in fertility between diluents were seen only when using semen stored for more than 96 h, with semen extended with Androhep giving the higher results. The results indicate that the decrease in fertilizing capacity due to in vitro aging of spermatozoa cannot be prevented even during the first days of storage.

The onset of the secxual maturity of the camel and the semen collection as well as the liquid and deep freeze conservation of the semen are described. Furthermore the rutting season and the effect of a pulsatile GnRH treatment in the male camel by means of a hormone pump are explained.

Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsVolume 28, Issue 2 p. 91-96 Samenkonservierung und hormonelle Beeinflussung der Samenqualitat beim Kamel T. Willmen, T. Willmen Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorH. Sieme, H. Sieme Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorH. Merkt, H. Merkt Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorF. Saad, F. Saad Fa. Ferring, Arzneimittel Gmb H, KielSearch for more papers by this authorH.-O. Hoppen, H.-O. Hoppen Chemisches Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover.Search for more papers by this authorD. Waberski, D. Waberski Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this author T. Willmen, T. Willmen Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorH. Sieme, H. Sieme Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorH. Merkt, H. Merkt Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorF. Saad, F. Saad Fa. Ferring, Arzneimittel Gmb H, KielSearch for more papers by this authorH.-O. Hoppen, H.-O. Hoppen Chemisches Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover.Search for more papers by this authorD. Waberski, D. Waberski Klinik für Andrologie und Besamung der Haustiere der Tierarztlichen Hochschule HannoverSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.1993.tb00729.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume28, Issue2April 1993Pages 91-96 RelatedInformation

ContentsThe influence of a pre‐treatment with seminal plasma, oestrogen solution, or extender on the intragenital sperm transport, time of ovulation, and fertilization results was examined in insemination tests on gilts spontaneously entering oestrus. A total of 54 gilts in their second or third oestrus period after having been placed in stalls were inseminated 24 hours after the beginning of standing oestrus. The insemination dose was 0.5 billion spermatozoa. Ovulation was determined by means of percutaneous sonography, sperm transport was measured according to the number of accessory spermatozoa, and the fertility results were determined on the percentage of normally developed embryos on day 3 after insemination. A clear dependance on the above mentioned pre‐treatment was shown in the fertilization rates as well as in the number of accessory spermatozoa and ovulation time. A pre‐treatment with seminal plasma was shown to be superior to pre‐treatment with extender or oestrogen solution.Inhalt: Wechselwirkung zwischen Inseminat, Uterus‐und Ovarialfunktion beim Schwein I. Einfluß von Seminalplasma und Östrogenen im Inseminat auf den intragenitalen Spermientransport, den Ovulationszeitpunkt und Befruchtungsrate beim SchweinIn Inseminationsuersuchen an spontan rauschenden Jungsauen wurde der Einfluβ einer Vorapplikation von Seminalplasma, Östrogenen und Verdünnermedium auf den intragenitalen Spermientransport, Ovulationszeitpunkt und Befruchtungsergebnisse untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 54 Jungsauen in 2. oder 3. Rausche nach Einstellung 24 Stunden nach Duldungseintritt (Sucheber) besamt. Die Besamungsdosis betrug 0,5 Mrd. Spermien. Die Ovulation wurde mittels perkutaner Sonogaphie ermittelt, der Spermientransport durch die Anzahl akzessorischer Spermien, die Befruchtungsergebnisse mittels Prozentsatz normal entwickelter Embryonen am Tag 3 nach Insemination bestimmt. Es ergaben sich deutliche Abhängigkeiten von der jeweiligen Vorbehandlung sowohl bei der Befruchtungsrate, als auch bei den akzessorischen Spermienzahlen und hinsichtlich des Ovulationszeitpunktes. Eine Seminalplasma‐Vorapplikation zeigte sich gegenüber einer Verdünner‐bzw. Östrogenlösungsvorbehandlung als überlegen.

Contents The influence of sperm-free media on the ovulatory process was examined in three tests on gilts spontaneously entering oestrus. In a total of 200 oestrus periods standing reflex in the presence of a teaser boar and ovulation using transcutaneous sonography were controlled three times daily, every eight hours. Seminal plasma, oestrogen solution, and physiological saline were used as infusion solutions. In Test I, 22 gilts were stimulated directly after showing boar acceptance in four consecutive oestrus periods. Unstimulated gilts served as controls. In Test II a and b, the influence of stimulation with various infusion solutions directly after showing standing reflex (time 0) and 16 hours later was examined in 19 gilts in six consecutive oestrus periods. With stimulation through infusion treatment at the beginning of the standing reflex, a significant shortening of the interval between the beginning of standing oestrus and ovulation of up to a maximum of 14.9 hours, as compared with untreated control animals, was seen in all tests. The influence of oestrogen stimulation was significantly reduced in comparison to the seminal plasma treatment, but proved to be significant in comparison to the control animals, independent of the time of treatment. The influence on ovulation after applying physiological saline could only be seen after stimulation at the beginning of standing oestrus, whereas no stimulatory effect was present at 16 hours after the beginning of standing reflex. Inhalt: Wechselwirkung zwischen Inseminat, Uterus- und Ovarialfunktion beim Schwein II. Beeinflussung der Ovulation durch Infusion spermienfreier Medien Der Einfluβ von spermienfreien Medien auf den Ovulationsvorgang wurde in drei Versuchen an spontan rauschenden Jungsauen untersucht. Insgesamt wurde in 200 Brunst-zyklen der Duldungseintritt und die Ovulation dreimal taglich in 8stundigem Abstand ermittelt. Als Infusionslosungen kamen Seminalplasma, Ostrogenlosung und physiologische Kochsalzlosungen zur Anwendung. In Test I wurden 22 Jungsauen in vier aufeinanderfolgenden Rauscheperioden unmittelbar nach Duldungseintritt stimuliert, wobei unbehandelte als Kontrolle dienten. In Test II a und b wurde bei 19 Jungsauen in 6 aufeinanderfolgenden Brunstperioden der Einfluβ einer Stimulation mit unterschiedlichen Infusionslosungen unmittelbar nach Duldungsbeginn (Stunde 0) und nach 16 Stunden untersucht. Bei Stimulation durch Infusionsbehandlung zu Duldungsbeginn reigte sich in allen Versuchen eine signifikante Verkurzung des Intervalles zwischen Duldungsbeginn und Ovulation von maximal 14,9 Stunden gegenuber unbehandelten Kontrolltieren. Der Einfluβ einer Ostrogenstimulation war gegenuber der Seminalplasmabehandlung signifikant verringert, erwies sich aber gegenuber den Kontrolltieren un abhangig vom Behandlungszeitpunkt ebenfalls als signifikant. Der Ovulationseinfluβ nach Anwendung physiologischer Kochsalzlosung war nur nach Stimulationsinfusion zu Beginn der Duldung nachweisbar, wahrend 16 Stunden nach Duldungseintritt kein stimulierender Effekt feststellbar war.

Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsVolume 25, Issue 2 p. 61-67 Advancement of Ovulation in the Sow Related to Seminal Plasma Application before Insemination K.F. Weitze, K.F. Weitze Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorD. Rath, D. Rath Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorT. Willmen, T. Willmen Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorD. Waberski, D. Waberski Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Lotz, Corresponding Author J. Lotz Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverAddress of authors: Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 3000 Hannover 71, FRGSearch for more papers by this author K.F. Weitze, K.F. Weitze Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorD. Rath, D. Rath Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorT. Willmen, T. Willmen Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorD. Waberski, D. Waberski Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Lotz, Corresponding Author J. Lotz Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of HannoverAddress of authors: Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary School of Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 3000 Hannover 71, FRGSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.1990.tb00682.xCitations: 17Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume25, Issue2May 1990Pages 61-67 RelatedInformation

Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsVolume 24, Issue 1 p. 40-42 Detection of Ovulation in the Sow Using Transcutaneous Sonography Feststellung des Ovulationszeitpunktes bei der Sau mittels transkutaner Sonographie K. F. Weitze, K. F. Weitze Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorO. Habeck, O. Habeck Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorT. Willmen, T. Willmen Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorD. Rath, D. Rath Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRG Present address: Institut für Tierzucht und Tierverhalten (FAL), Mariensee, D-3057 Neustadt 1, FRG.Search for more papers by this author K. F. Weitze, K. F. Weitze Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorO. Habeck, O. Habeck Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorT. Willmen, T. Willmen Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRGSearch for more papers by this authorD. Rath, D. Rath Clinic of Andrology and Artificial Insemination, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, FRG Present address: Institut für Tierzucht und Tierverhalten (FAL), Mariensee, D-3057 Neustadt 1, FRG.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.1989.tb00660.xCitations: 28 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume24, Issue1February 1989Pages 40-42 RelatedInformation