The perceived weight of an object is important. The weight illusion phenomenon is known to occur because of the size, color, and material of an object. Although temperature is an important environmental factor in our daily life, there are not enough studies on how the temperature of an object affects its perceived weight. In the current study, we attempted to understand the effect of the temperature of an object on the sense of weight by considering its size and weight. Therefore, a stainless cup capable of adjusting the temperature, size, and weight was selected as the experimental object. Twenty stainless steel cups were prepared with a combination of five levels of temperature (0, 9, 20, 40, and 70 degrees C), two sizes (450 and 750 cc), and two levels of weight (250 and 400 g). Forty healthy men and women in their 20s participated in this experiment. The results showed that temperature, weight, and size had a significant effect on perceived weight.The effect of temperature on the perceived weight differed depending on the size and weight of the object. When the weight of the cup was light (250 g), the cup temperature did not affect the weight. In addition, there were interaction effects according to the weight, size, and temperature of the cups. This result implies that the effect of temperature on the perceived weight of an object is related to the size-weight illusion.

Objective: This study analyzed how weight affects the satisfaction and luxuriousness of dice made of plastic, which has not been previously studied.BRBackground: The weight of dice is one of the important factors affecting dice satisfaction, and research has been conducted on the weights that are satisfactory or preferred for various dice.BRMethod: A total of 42 college students in their 20s, whose size estimation ability was verified, evaluated satisfaction and luxuriousness according to the weights of dice. Prototype dice were made to have seven different weight levels.BRResults: The actual weight of the dice showed a positive correlation with the perceived heaviness, and satisfaction with the dice tended to be higher at weights slightly higher than the original dice weight. Luxuriousness increased as the weight increased, but it was confirmed that there was a limit.BRConclusion: As a result of the dice experiment, the patterns of satisfaction and preference turned out to be similar to those of other products.BRApplication: The results can be used to set the weight in the design of plastic dice considering the satisfaction.

Product weight is an important factor influencing the perception of product value and user satisfaction. Using a combination of survey data and pricing information, we examine the impact of eraser weight on consumers ' perceptions of satisfaction and value. A survey of 42 eraser product consumers, who were verified for magnitude estimation was conducted, and the degree to which product weight influences consumer satisfaction and price sensitivity in this product category was examined. Specific eraser products were selected and categorized into seven levels of weight and the modulus method was used to evaluate participants ' perception of heaviness, the level of satisfaction was evaluated on a semantic differential scale of 11 points, and the expected price of the product was estimated in Korean Won. The results show that there is a gender-dependent correlation between eraser weight and consumer satisfaction, indicating that females generally perceived lighter erasers as more effective and valuable, while male participants indicated lower satisfaction ratings for light or heavy erasers products. Expected prices, unlike satisfaction, tended to be higher for heavier erasers than lighter ones. The result of this study can be used to provide insights for marketers and product designers seeking to optimize consumer appeal and pricing strategies for rubber-based eraser products.

물체의 무게감은 감각 측면에서 중요하게 다뤄진 연구 주제로 물체의 무게뿐만 아니라, 크기, 색상, 재질 등의 영향을 받아 크기-무게, 색상-무게 그리고 재질-무게 왜곡 현상을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 온도는 우리의 일상생활에 매우 중요한 환경적 요소이나, 물체의 온도가 무게감에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해 충분한 연구가 되어 있지 않다. 본 연구는 물체의 온도가 무게감에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 물체의 온도, 무게를 조정하기 용이한 스테인리스 컵을 무게감 측정 물체로 선정하였고, 온도 5 수준(0, 9, 20, 40, 70℃), 무게 2 수준(250, 400g)의 조합으로 10개의 스테인리스 컵을 준비하였다. 무게감 실험에는 건강한 20대 남여 40명이 참여하였고, modulus 방법에 따라 기준 컵 대비 주어진 컵의 무게감을 평가하였다. 실험 데이터의 분석 결과, 온도, 무게 모두 무게감에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 온도가 무게감에 주는 영향은 물체의 무게에 따라 다르게 나타났는데, 적은 컵 무게(250g)로 컵의 무게감이 작은 경우 컵의 온도는 무게감에 영향을 주지 않았다. 반면, 큰 컵 무게(400g)에서 낮은 온도에서 무게감이 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이의 결과는 온도의 물체 무게감의 영향이 크기-무게 왜곡에 따라 달라짐을 의미한다.

The perceived weight of an object is an important research topic in terms of sensation and perception, and it is known that it has size-weight, color-weight, and material-weight illusions due to the influence of size, color, and material, as well as the weight of the object. Although the physical size of an object is measured by volume, the size of an object that we subjectively feel depends on the shape of the object, even if it has the same volume. Therefore, the shape of the object may determine the perceived size of the object, thereby changing its perceived weight accordingly. These cognitive factors play an important role in the period of rehabilitation therapy after an exacerbation or attack of neurological diseases, such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease, regarding the motor functions of the patient. Moreover, the study of these sensation and perception factors is important for the period of the early development of children, for example, for tracking and correcting fine motor skills. Existing related studies analyzed the perceived weight according to three shapes (tetrahedron, cube, and sphere), but only some shapes showed a difference in the perceived weight. This study attempted to demonstrate the difference in perceived weight according to the shape that has yet to be clearly identified. To this end, this study investigated objects with the same physical size (volume) as in previous studies, but in the shapes of tetrahedron, cube, and sphere. In addition, the volumes of these objects were set to 64,000 cm3, 125,000 cm3, and 216,000 cm3, and their weights were set to be 100 g, 150 g, and 200 g, in proportion to the size of the small, medium, and large volumes, respectively. Thirty-eight college students (21 males, 17 females) participated and the perceived weight of a given object compared to a reference object was evaluated according to the modulus method used for sensory size measurement. The analysis of the experimental data found that both weight (volume) and shape had significant effects on the perceived weight. The results support that the shape of objects also led to the size-weight illusion phenomenon. At the same weight (volume), the perceived weight of an object according to shape decreased significantly in the order of sphere, cube, and tetrahedron. At the same volume level, subjective size according to shape is small in the order of tetrahedron, cube, and sphere. The results of weight perception according to shape in this study showed that the subjective size of an object according to shape had an effect on perceived weight.

An important aspect of objects is their perceived weight. Few studies have simultaneously considered the weight of a product and its size. The current study assessed the perception of a portable charger, for which weight was regarded as a negative element. Forty participants rated portable chargers with different weights and sizes regarding satisfaction, preference, and expected price. Ten portable chargers were prepared for the experiment, each of which had different sizes and weights. The results showed that the perceived weight of a small one was significantly higher in the same-weighted ones, while the perceived weight of a heavy one was also significantly higher in the same-sized ones. The size-weight illusion was confirmed. However, portable chargers lighter than 140 g received equal or lower satisfaction and preference ratings than the product. This tendency contrasts with the results of previous experiments in product groups in which weight acts as a positive factor. Consumers' perception of weight seems to affect satisfaction and preference. The limit weight suggested in this study could be used to determine the target weight of the product.Relevance to industry: There might be a limit to the appropriate weight among products for which weight is a negative factor. If the item is too light, this will negatively affect user perceptions.

Korea’s agriculture is facing a manpower shortage due to a decrease in the population and an aging workforce. Involving disabled people in agriculture as a solution to the problem of manpower shortage can help both agricultural workers and people with disabilities, and for this purpose, it is necessary to develop agricultural tools that disabled people can use in agricultural tasks. This study was intended to create a representative human body model used in the anthropometric design of agricultural tools for people with spinal cord disabilities. This study used the existing anthropometric data for the spinal cord disabled and created a representative human body model using the method of boundary for the accommodation range of the body size distribution. As a result of factor analysis, 26 body dimensions were reduced to 4 factors, and the representative group had 16 body models to have an accommodation rate of 90% of the distribution. As a result of the evaluation of the accommodation rate of the representative human model group, only 42% of cases satisfied all the ranges of 26 body dimensions for the representative group, but 88% of cases satisfied all the ranges of 23 body dimensions, which is close to the target rate. The representative human model group for spinal cord disabilities was visualized using the Tecnomatix human model module. This can be utilized in identification of problems with existing agricultural tools and anthropometric design for the disabled.

Objective: This study aimed to figure out the weight that the user satisfies according to the size of products, targeting product family that users generally do not prefer heavy ones.BRBRBackground: The sense of the weight of an object has been regarded as an important research topic in the perspective of perception. It is also known to be influenced by weight, size, color, and material of the object. The sense of the weight of a product can be a factor influencing affective satisfaction. However, the research regarding both the size of products and the weight of those has been still insufficient.BRBRMethod: A portable charger that users generally do not prefer heavy ones was selected as a product to be tested. For the experiment, a total of ten portable chargers were prepared by allowing the selected two sizes of portable charger products to have five weight levels determined based on commercial weight. Totally forty participants in their twenties evaluated the satisfaction, preference, and sense of the weight of portable chargers of different weights and sizes.BRBRResults: The satisfied and preferred weight of the portable charger was found to be 140g, which is lighter than the commercial weight in two sizes (180g, 300g) of portable chargers. Satisfaction and preference of portable chargers lighter than 140g did not statistically higher or were rather low.BRBRConclusion: A size-weight illusion was confirmed from the perspective of the sense of the weight of the portable charger. In addition, there can be a limit to the weight with high satisfaction and preference in products in which heaviness is not preferred, which means that if the weight is far lighter than expected, it has a negative effect.BRBRApplication: The limit weight presented in this study can be used to determine the weight of the portable charger.

The difficulty in opening and closing the tailgate of sport utility vehicles (SUV) is important as one of the items of JD power’s Initial Quality Study (IQS). This study aimed to evaluate the perceived exertion and satisfaction in opening and closing SUV tailgates and explain them with the mechanical force. The study measured the mechanical open and close force for 33 SUV tailgates and evaluated perceived exertion and satisfaction of opening and closing with 84 male participants from 20’s to 50’s. The regression models of perceived exertion and satisfaction showed that initial closing and opening force, the difference between initial and maximum closing force, and the difference between an initial close angle and auto-fall angle should be small for a positive effect. In addition, the IQS score of tailgates is more related to perceived exertion and satisfaction in closing than those in the opening. The results of the study will be helpful to design and test the mechanical open and close structure of SUV tailgates.

The purpose of this study is to develop an affective scale to measure the operation feeling of passenger car moving-parts based on the vocabulary related to the feeling of operation. According to the affective engineering method, the vocabularies were collected through the literature survey and the moving-part operation experiment. The collected affective words were integrated by similarity and arranged in an opposite manner. A total of 42 drivers participated in an experiment to evaluate the opening and closing feeling of three types of moving-parts: door, hood, and trunk. The affective structure was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and verified by internal consistency and construct validity. As a result of the analysis, the opening/closing feeling of the moving-parts consisted of five dimensions. The evaluation scale of this study can be used to measure and evaluate the moving-part opening and closing operation feeling in a systematic manner.

The exterior panel is an important part of automobiles because it not only determines the cosmetic appearance but also resists external impacts, and the stiffness of exterior panels is among the survey items in the initial quality study (IQS) by JD Power. This study aims to investigate the effects of the stiffness of exterior panels on customer satisfaction levels because this relationship has not been studied extensively in the field of affective automotive engineering. Four effects were selected for this evaluation of exterior panel stiffness levels: hardness, consistency of deformation, thickness, and associated satisfaction levels. In the experiment, 54 Korean men ranging in age from their 20s to their 50s evaluated three exterior panel parts on nine mid-sized sedans. These parts included the hood, front door, and rear door. The results showed that customer satisfaction levels differed significantly depending on the panels and increased when the stiffness was greater. It was also identified that the participants evaluated panel stiffness levels with a force of up to 14 kgf. Customer satisfaction models were developed with the variables that were found to describe the mechanical properties of the panels. These models will be helpful to people involved in the design and control of the stiffness quality of exterior panels.

This study analyzed preference and satisfaction according to the weight and size of products in order to understand how the size-weight illusion (SWI) occurs in affect. Perceived weight is known to be affected not only by the weight of the object, but also by its size, color, and material. A total of 54 participants took part in the experiment. Nine kinds of cookie boxes were prepared by combining three sizes and three weight levels of confectionery products. Participants were asked to rate the perceived weight of the cookie box by the modulus method and evaluate the preference and the satisfaction of the weight by using the semantic differential (SD) scale of 11 points. The results showed that SWI occurred in terms of the perceived weight of cookies boxes like previous studies; however, SWI appeared only partially in affect. The preference and satisfaction did not increase after a certain weight, and the limits of weight were different according to the size of cookie box. These results can be referred to determine the weight and size of a product for affective design and especially utilized for the package design of cookie boxes.

The sound of a door opening on a vehicle has a main influence on psychological comfort and affective satisfaction for the vehicle. This study aims to evaluate the auditory pleasantness of the door opening sound and to derive the sound parameters, which can optimize that pleasantness. Fourteen different door opening sounds were selected and recorded. Participants evaluated each recorded door opening sound with the designed questionnaire. Three main results were obtained. First, the questionnaire was developed to evaluate the auditory pleasantness of door opening sound based on five affective attributes: 'loud', 'sharp', 'rough', 'clear', and 'satisfy'. These were selected through previous literature review and expert interviews. Second, 'Loudness', 'sharpness', 'roughness', 'fluctuation strength', and 'tonality' were selected as the psychoacoustic parameters. These parameters were found to be the important dimensions for the perception of door opening sound. Each affective attribute was related to psychoacoustic parameters by correlation analysis. Finally, the authors developed a model to predict subjective response to the door opening sound through regression analysis. In the incidence of 'loud', 'sharp', and 'rough', high R2 values were shown. Multiple regression was used to create a model to predict auditory pleasantness. The psychoacoustic parameter 'loudness' was shown to have a major effect on auditory pleasantness. The parameters 'loudness', 'sharpness', and 'roughness' were shown to affect the attributes of the door opening sound. The result of this study was an optimal model, created through psychoacoustic parameters, to predict the auditory pleasantness of door opening sounds

This study attempted to investigate consumers’ preference and satisfaction according to the weight and size of products. Fifty-four students in their twenties who have proved their magnitude estimation ability participated in the affective evaluation experiment on the various weights and sizes of cookie products. The cookie products, for which heaviness is considered positive, used in this experiment were well known to be sold in three types of paper boxes in sizes. In this experiment, nine kinds of cookie boxes were prepared by combining three sizes and three weight levels of the product. The participants evaluated the perceived heaviness of each cookie box by the modulus method and evaluated the preference and satisfaction of the weight with the semantic differential scale. As a result of the study, among the boxes with the same weight, ones of small size were perceived significantly heavy and among the boxes with the same size, ones of heavy weight were perceived significantly heavy. This result means that the size-weight illusion of the object heaviness was also found in this study. Meanwhile, this study found that preference and satisfaction did not increase more than a certain weight. That is, there was a limit to the satisfied and preferred weight for one size of cookie box.

This study analyzed the preference according to the weight and size of the product in order to understand how the size-weight illusion occurred in the affect dimension.For this purpose, 54 students in their twenties who have proved their size estimation ability participated in the preference evaluation experiment on the various weights and sizes of cookie products.The cookie products, for which heaviness is considered positive, used in this experiment were well known to be sold in three paper boxes.In this experiment, nine kinds of cookie boxes were prepared by combining three sizes and three weight levels of this product.The participants evaluated the perceived heaviness of the cookie box by the modulus method and evaluated the preference of the weight with the 11-points semantic differential scale.As a result of the study, among the boxes with the same weight ones of small size is significantly heavier, and among the boxes with the same size ones of heavy weight is significantly heavier.This result mean that the size-weight illusion of the object heaviness was found to be the same in this study.Likewise, preference were similar, but this study found that it did not increase more than certain weight.That is, there was a limit to the preferred weight for one size cookie box.

User acceptance for a new technology is affected significantly by utility and usability. However, previous studies about gesture interfaces have focused on the usability while neglecting the utility. This study proposes the development of a gesture interface’s utility scale and also aims to analyze the relationship between the utility and the user acceptance. We derived 12 gesture utility items from the previous studies and evaluated the utility for products with the display through survey. The utility scale was developed under the explorative factor analysis, and it was revised and verified by the confirmative factor analysis. The relationship between the gesture utility of the products with the display and the user acceptance was analyzed through the structural equation model. As a result, the gesture utility scale consisted of three factors: contact-free, naturalness and expressiveness. Among these factors, contact-free and expressiveness were observed to influence the user acceptance of the display products.

This study attempted to identify the effect of the panel stiffness on the customers' affect, which was not addressed in the research field of affective engineering. For this, this study derived four affects related to the panel stiffness from literature and pre-experiment : hardness, deform consistency, thickness and satisfaction and prepared a questionnaire to evaluate the affects of the panel. In the experiment, 54 adults in the age of 20~50 participated and evaluated the affects of hood, front and rear door for nine full size and luxury sedans by pressing the panels with their hands. As results, participants' affect for the panels were significantly different depending on the force-deflection curves of them, and the subjects' satisfaction of the panels increased as the slope of the curve (stiffness) increases. In addition, it was found that the subjects evaluated the panel with the pressing force up to 14kgf. The findings of the study can be used to increase and control the affective quality of exterior panels on passenger cars.

This study attempts to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among Korean hospital workers and to analyze the relationship of MSD symptoms and workload perceived by workers. This study designed a survey based on Nordic questionnaire to obtain MSD symptoms and the degree of four perceived workloads: work repetition, urgency, physical exertion and satisfaction. In this survey, more than 1,800 workers in a hospital participated. The prevalence of MSD was analyzed for each body part, and MSD cases, which were predetermined in this study, were identified. The relationship between the MSD cases and each perceived workload was analyzed using chi-square test. The pain in the shoulder was the most prevalent among the workers as 52%, and the lowback (37%) and leg discomfort (36%) followed. The MSD cases of this study were also the most prevalent in the shoulder (13%). Female workers had higher rate of MSD cases than the males. Among the four workload variables, the physical exertion was the statistically related to MSD cases for all the body parts. In addition, the others also had significant relation to MSD cases except one or two body parts. This study found that Korean hospital workers had MSD symptoms mainly in the shoulder, low back and legs in order, which was different from those in North America or Europe. This study provides another evidence that subjective physical exertion perceived by workers is an important factor to explain MSD cases as same as the objective one.