Optimizing soil properties to match ecological conditions can alleviate stress damage and promote crop growth. However, the suitable soil conditions for wheat growth in an integrated rice–wheat breeding scheme under high rainfall and the mechanisms that affect yield production are not well known. Field experiments were carried out at two sites, which were all located in Jiangsu Province, China, a subtropical monsoon climate zone during two wheat growing seasons, to assess the effects of plow tillage followed by rotary tillage (PR) and no-tillage (NT) on soil physical and chemical properties, wheat seedling growth, grain yield, and spike amounts and quality. The finding indicates that with the reduction in soil mixing, soil bulk density was higher in NT than in PR, which helped to maintain moisture in dry soil. In soils with high water content, in NT, when the wheat field was subjected to waterlogging stress, the drainage decreased to deeper soil possibly due to reduced infiltration and a higher evaporation of surface water. The diurnal variation in soil temperature decreased in NT, and when the soil was cold, NT helped to insulate soils at 0–25 cm. Compared with PR, the contents of available nitrogen and phosphorus increased at 0–20 cm in NT. Root biomass and root activity of wheat seedlings at 0–20 cm were also greater in NT than in PR. Compared with PR, wheat also had more culms at the beginning of the overwintering stage, more spikes, and higher grain yield in NT, but the differences were not significant under excessive soil moisture. Therefore, the soil hydrothermal environment and spatial distributions of nutrients in NT promoted shallow root growth and tiller development in the early phase of wheat growth, which led to higher amounts of spikes per plant that resulted in high-yielding wheat crops.

沿淮地区水稻种植后土壤质地黏重加之秸秆还田量大制约了小麦生长,耕作和播种方式的合理搭配是解决这一问题的有效方法.于2017-2019年在泗洪设置了不同耕作方式(耕翻、免耕)和播种方式(中型带播、中型条播、小型带播、小型条播)的田间试验,研究了不同处理对小麦穗数和穗质量形成、光合物质生产和产量的影响.结果表明:1)两年度均以免耕产量最高,比耕翻分别增产25.4％和15.2％.2)两年度采用中型机械播种方式能够稳定实现较高的籽粒产量,小型条播仅2017-2018年度免耕条件下产量与中型机械播种方式差异不显著.带播相比于条播能够提高小麦个体生长空间,增大光合面积,增强了群体干物质生产和转运能力.总的来说,免耕下采用中型带播方式播种是改善沿淮地区稻茬小麦生长发育和提高产量的一种有效农田管理模式,这为当地优化选择和推广适宜的耕播方式组合提供了依据.

Suitable tillage and seeding strategies for wheat can be used to combat excessive residues and poor soil conditions in harvested rice fields. This study investigated the effects of different tillage (zero tillage and rotary tillage) and seeding methods on wheat growth, grain yield, nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization, and economic benefit when the soil moisture was high during the tillage and seeding practices. In 2016–2017, three seeders were tested: SM1-1, SM2, and SM3; in 2017–2018, four seeders were tested: SM1-2, SM2, SM3, and SM4. Although the soil moisture was different between years, zero tillage could be used to reduce the sowing depth, which facilitated early-phase wheat growth and N uptake compared with rotary tillage, resulting in higher grain yield, NUpE, and net return. In 2016–2017 (high wet soil), a small-size seeder (SM1-1) with sowing near the soil surface facilitated higher grain yield, NUpE, and net returns compared with the other seeders; in 2017–2018 (low wet soil), medium-size seeders (SM3 and SM4) were more suitable than small-size seeders (SM1-2 and SM2). In both years, the seeders that performed the best mainly improved the spike numbers while increasing N uptake, especially after anthesis. Zero tillage lowered input costs, but small-size seeders did not reduce costs due to the higher labor costs associated with their low working efficiency. Improving net returns depends largely on increasing yield. In conclusion, zero tillage is recommended for wheat production in harvested rice fields with a high soil moisture content, but the suitable seeding method needs to be confirmed according to the soil moisture content.

In the rice-wheat rotation system, conventional culturing of high yield rice results in poor soil conditions and excessive residues, which negatively affect wheat growth. Tillage and nitrogen (N) use are being sought to address this problem. In order to propose a suitable tillage method and corresponding N management strategy, the influence of three tillage methods (i.e., plow tillage followed by rotary tillage (PR), rotary tillage twice (RR), and no-tillage (NT)) and nine forms of N management strategies (i.e., three total N rates × three N-splitting schemes) were investigated in a field experiment from 2016 to 2017 (2017) and 2017 to 2018 (2018), using grain yield, grain protein content (GPC), N uptake efficiency (NUpE), and net returns as evaluation indexes. Grain yield, GPC, and net returns were lower in 2017 than 2018, likely as a result of weak seedling growth caused by high soil moisture before and after seeding. In 2017, NT achieved higher grain yield, NUpE, and net returns compared to PR or RR, while grain yield and net returns were higher under tillage in 2018, especially PR. Increased total N rates (210–270 kg ha−1) promoted all evaluation indexes, but suitable timing and corresponding rates of N application are dependent on the environment. These results indicate that the combination of NT and applying N at lower rates and only a few times (i.e., 168 and 72 kg ha−1 applied at pre-sowing and when flag leaves are visible) when the soil is not suitable for tillage is the best method for cutting costs and improving benefits. Under suitable conditions for tillage, PR and intensive management strategies (i.e., 135, 27, 54, and 54 kg ha−1 applied at pre-sowing, four-leaf, jointing, and booting, respectively) could be adopted to increase overall yield, quality, and benefits.

以‘苏麦188’为材料,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下研究板茬、旋耕、耕翻等耕作方式和施氮量210 kg/hm2、240 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2对小麦群体质量和产量及其结构的影响,以期为稻茬小麦大面积机械化栽培提供参考.结果表明:板茬方式产量显著高于旋耕和耕翻;随施氮量增加,产量逐渐提高.产量在不同耕作方式与施氮量间存在显著的互作效应.相比其他耕作方式,板茬方式每穗粒数和千粒重较高;群体茎蘖数多,但分蘖成穗率不高、源库协调水平偏低,花后具有较高的光合生产能力.随施氮量增加,穗数和每穗粒数、群体茎蘖数和分蘖成穗率、花后光合生产能力以及源库协调性均呈提高趋势.这说明,通过合理增施氮肥可以进一步改善板茬方式下小麦群体质量,协同提升产量构成因素,实现增产.本试验条件下采用板茬方式配以施氮量270 kg/hm2或240 kg/hm2处理产量最高.