Forecasting adult emergence dynamics of wood-boring pests is critical for improving monitoring efficiency and optimizing control timing. However, because these insects remain concealed within tree trunks before emergence, conventional approaches cannot exploit empirically observed developmental dynamics, limiting both forecast reliability and temporal resolution. To address this, we developed a field-deployable, non-destructive forecasting framework that integrates portable X-ray radiography, deep learning-based life-stage discrimination, and developmental-lag mapping to predict adult emergence dynamics from concealed development. We acquired X-ray images of wood-boring pests inside infested logs and developed X-BorerStageNet, a lightweight two-class life-stage detector (larva vs. pupa-adult). X-BorerStageNet introduces two task-specific networks-a structurepreserving backbone, the Efficient Dual-Stream Fusion Network (EDSFNet), and a frequency-aware multi-scale encoder, the Spectral-Attentive Multi-Scale Fusion Network (SAMFNet)-comprising five novel modules in total. Within EDSFNet, the Anisotropic Pseudo-Shift Downsampling Module (APSDM) preserves directional structural cues during early downsampling, and the Dual-Stream Hierarchical Ghost Block (DSHGB) reduces redundancy via complementary parallel branches that jointly capture fine details and coarser context. Within SAMFNet, the Spectral-Enhanced MetaFormer Block (SEMFB) couples global attention with FFT-based spectral modulation to enhance pest contours while suppressing repetitive wood textures; the Progressive Hybrid Aggregation Module (PHAM) strengthens cross-scale integration through an anchor-refinement design; and Tri-Scale Focused Fusion (TSFF) fuses three adjacent feature scales to balance fine details with semantic context. The model achieves 66.3% AP50:95 and 92.8% AP50, exceeding the D-FINE-N baseline by 6.9 and 4.2 percentage points, respectively, with fewer parameters and fast inference. Applied to time-series X-ray monitoring of 9 infested logs, the framework recovered the pupation dynamics of 72 Anoplophora glabripennis individuals and translated them into emergence forecasts using a mean pupation-to-emergence interval of approximately 20 days. Predicted emergence dynamics closely matched observations at both 3-day (r = 0.913, WAPE = 0.278) and weekly (r = 0.972, WAPE = 0.167) scales, and accurately recovered key phenological landmarks, including emergence onset, peak timing, and the 10%, 50%, and 90% cumulative-emergence dates. This framework offers an effective and interpretable approach for forecasting wood-boring pest emergence dynamics, supporting early warning and timely control. Source code: https://github.com/bihaojie/X-BorerStageNet.

BACKGROUNDDendroctonus valens along with its symbiotic fungi have caused unprecedented damage to pines in China. Leptographium procerum, its primary symbiotic fungus, facilitates the invasion and colonization of the pest, thereby aggravating ecological threats. Assessing shifts in the niches and ranges of D. valens and its symbiotic fungus could provide a valuable basis for pest control. Here, we conducted niche comparisons between native and invasive populations of D. valens. Then, we employed standard ecological niche models and ensembles of small models to predict the potential distributions of D. valens and L. procerum under climate change conditions and to estimate areas of overlap. RESULTSThe niche of invasive population of D. valens in Chinese mainland only occupied a limited portion of the niche of native population in North America, leaving a substantial native niche unfilled and without any niche expansion. The suitable regions for D. valens are predicted in central and southern North America and central and northeastern Chinese mainland. The overlap with the suitable regions of L. procerum included eastern North America and the central and northeastern Chinese mainland under historical climatic scenarios. The regions susceptible to their symbiotic damage will shift northward in response to future climate change. CONCLUSIONSProjected distributions of D. valens and its symbiotic fungus, along with areas vulnerable to their symbiotic damage, provide essential insights for devising strategies against this association. Additionally, our study contributes to comprehending how biogeographic approaches aid in estimating potential risks of pest-pathogen interactions in forests within a warming world. (c) 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The citrus longhorned beetle (CLB) (Anoplophora chinensis) is an important quarantine pest of main Citrus crops. Its potential distribution and invasion under climate change scenarios have important economic implications for many countries. We used the ensemble maps from both the CLIMEX and MaxEnt models to obtain CLB’s potential distribution in climate‐suitable regions under historical and future climate conditions. Global broadleaved forest cover was overlaid with CLB’s ensemble distributions to further assess the effects of host range. The ensemble models’ projected climate‐suitable regions by 2040–2060 and 2060–2070 under different emission scenarios were used to analyze range shifts. Our results indicate that projected climate‐suitable regions of the CLIMEX are much wider than that of the MaxEnt, but both of them would lose areas with climate change. The global ensemble distributions of CLB concentrated in eastern Asia, central and western Europe and eastern North America, and would shift northward in the future time. Broadleaved forests would cover most of the projected climate‐suitable regions, which provide essential hosts for CLB’s establishment. The ensemble predictive results from the correlative model and mechanistic model highlight the necessity of increasing control, monitoring and quarantine efforts on the pest in the threatened areas.

The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important wood‐boring pest that has caused substantial damage to broadleaf trees in Asia, North America, and Europe. We used the modelling software CLIMEX to project the potential global distribution of ALB based on both historical (1987–2016) and future (2021–2050) climate conditions. ALB has possible hosts in 37 genera, and their known distributions were incorporated into the model to assess their effect on pest distribution. Suitable regions for ALB are predicted to be widely distributed under both historical and future climate conditions, and across all continents except Antarctica. With climate change, climate suitability would increase in the regions north of 30°N and decline in most regions south of 30°N. The area of most climate‐suitable regions would be covered by potential hosts, and optimum hosts would dominate. The possibility of ALB outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere is much higher than in the Southern Hemisphere, owing to the richer abundance of hosts. These results provide theoretical guidance for developing effective ALB monitoring and mitigation measures.

Abstract The codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a destructive pest of apple (Malus domestica (Rosales: Rosaceae)), pear (Pyrus spp. (Rosales: Rosaceae)), and other pome tree fruits; outbreaks cause significant ecological and economic losses. In this study, we used CLIMEX model to predict and evaluate the global risk of C. pomonella based on historical climate data (1989–2018) and simulated future climate data (2071–2100) under the RCP4.5 scenarios. Cydia pomonella exhibited a wide distribution under both historical and future climate conditions. Climate change is predicted to expand the northern boundary of the potential distribution from approximately 60°N to 75°N. Temperature was the most dominant factor in climatic suitability for the pest. Combinations of multiple meteorological factors (relative humidity and precipitation) associated with a failure to break diapause in certain regions also affect suitability, particularly in northern South America and central Africa. Irrigation only had a slight impact on species favorability in some areas. The projections established in our study present insight into the global potential suitability of C. pomonella under climate change scenarios by the end of the 21st century. Farmers should be aware of the risk associated with the pest based on the results, which would provide guidance for quarantine agencies and trade negotiators worldwide.

The poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.), is a severe worldwide quarantine pest that causes great economic, social, and ecological damage in Europe, North America, and Asia. CLIMEX4.0.0 was used to study the likely impact of climate change on the potential global distribution of C. lapathi based on existing (1987–2016) and predicted (2021–2040, 2041–2080, and 2081–2100) climate data. Future climate data were simulated based on global climate models from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under the RCP4.5 projection. The potential distribution of C. lapathi under historical climate conditions mainly includes North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Future global warming may cause a northward shift in the northern boundary of potential distribution. The total suitable area would increase by 2080–2100. Additionally, climatic suitability would change in large regions of the northern hemisphere and decrease in a small region of the southern hemisphere. The projected potential distribution will help determine the impacts of climate change and identify areas at risk of pest invasion in the future. In turn, this will help design and implement effective prevention measures for expanding pest populations, using natural enemies, microorganisms, and physical barriers in very favorable regions to impede the movement and oviposition of C. lapathi.

The ber fruit fly Carpomya vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most destructive pests of Ziziphus spp. Carpomya vesuviana infestation causes great economic losses. We re-parameterized an existing CLIMEX model, and used the updated CliMond 30′ gridded resolution datasets within CLIMEX for the periods 1987–2016 and 2071–2100, representing historical and future climates, respectively, to predict the potential global distribution of the pest. Under the historical climate scenario, C. vesuviana had a wide climatically suitable distribution worldwide, from approximately 46° S to 50° N. Future climate change expanded the upper boundary of the potential distribution northward, and predicted that the pest would distribute approximately from 50° S to 60° N. Temperature was the primary determinant of the potential distribution of the pest among all driving variables. Irrigation was associated with a slight improvement in the climate favorability for the pest in some areas, including south-western North America, northern and southern Africa, and most of Oceania. The projections clarify the impacts of climate change on the potential global distribution of C. vesuviana, and are instructive for quarantine and management agencies for reducing economic damage caused by the fly and preventing expansion of C. vesuviana due to climate change.

Cryptorrhynchus lapathi (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important cosmopolitan wood-boring insect pest. Its larval stages damage salicaceous plants and thereby cause serious economic losses to the forest industry. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to record the number, typology, morphology, and distribution of sensilla on the antennae, maxillary and labial palps in the third, fourth, and fifth larval instars of C. lapathi. Two types of sensilla were observed on the antennae: sensilla basiconica (S.b.1) and sensilla twig basiconica (S.tb.1-4). The maxillary palps had three types of sensilla, S.b.2, S.tb. (S.tb.4-6), and sensilla digiformia (S.d.), while two types were found on the labial palps, S.b.2 and S.tb. (S.tb.4-6). The numbers and types of antennal, maxillary and labial palp sensilla remained unchanged in different larval instars, but the length and diameter of sensilla generally increased throughout larval development. Sensilla distributions on the maxillary and labial palps were significantly different in successive instars, but there were no differences on the antennae. We discussed the functions of sensilla in wood-boring behavior. These results may provide a theoretical basis for further studies of feeding behavior and electrophysiology of C. lapathi larvae. (C) 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is one of the most important bark beetles in North America and causes considerable economic and ecological losses during outbreaks. The distribution of this pest species is likely to be altered by climate change, which may threaten currently unaffected areas. In this study, we used CLIMEX to project the potential global distribution of D. ponderosae according to both historical climate data (1987–2016) and future climate warming estimates (2021–2100) to evaluate the impact of climate change on this species. Regions with suitable climate for D. ponderosae are distributed in all continents except Antarctica under both historical and future climate conditions, and these are predicted to change continuously with climate change. Overall, climate suitability will increase in middle- and high-latitude regions and decrease in low-latitude regions, and regions most sensitive to climate change are located in the mid-latitude zone. Moreover, the shift directions and ranges of climate-suitable regions under future conditions will differ among continents, and the shift distances in the north–south direction are larger than these in the east–west direction for Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, and Oceania, indicating that shift direction is possibly mainly affected by temperature. These projected distributions may provide theoretical guidance for early-warning intervention and risk assessment.

BACKGROUNDThe international invasive and quarantined defoliating insect Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) causes huge ecological and economic losses in the world. Furthermore, future climate change may alter the distribution of H. cunea and aggravate the damage. In the present study, we used CLIMEX to project the potential global distribution of H. cunea according to both historical climate data (1961-1990) and future climate warming estimates (2011-2100) to define the impact of climate change.RESULTSUnder the historical climate scenario, we found that H. cunea can survive on every continent, and temperature is the main factor that limits its establishment. With climate change, suitability will increase in middle and high latitude regions, while decrease in the low latitude regions. Moreover, tropic regions will be the most sensitive to climate change impacts for the pest to survive. The impacts of climate change will also increase over time, whether they be positive impacts or negative impacts.CONCLUSIONThe projected potential distributions provide a theoretical basis for quarantine and control strategies for the management of this pest in each country. Furthermore, these results provide substantial guidance for studies of the effects of climate change on other major forest pests. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

BACKGROUND: The coconut hispine beetle Brontispa longissima Gestro (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the most serious pests of the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecales: Arecaceae) and other palms. The invasion of B. longissima causes major economic and ecological losses worldwide. In this study, the impacts of climate change on the risk of spread were evaluated. CLIMEX was used to project its global potential distribution based on historical climate data (1987-2016) and simulated future climate data (2071-2100). RESULTS: The distribution of B. longissima included each continent under historical and future climate conditions. However, climate suitability was predicted to decrease in most tropical and subtropical regions under a climate change scenario. Temperature was a more important determinant of the climatic suitability of the pest than relative humidity or precipitation. The availability of host plants (Arecaceae) only had a slight impact on climate suitability in some regions. CONCLUSION: The projected potential distribution of B. longissima will help to determine the impacts of climate change and will provide supportive information for the development of management strategies to reduce future economic and ecological losses. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

BACKGROUND: Larvae of the Cossidae family moth Eogystia hippophaecolus bore into and overwinter in the roots of sea buckthorn, which damages this plant in China. OBJECTIVE: The primary aims of the current study were to investigate the effects of fatty acids on cold hardness in overwintering larvae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The supercooling point (SCP), low temperature mortality and fatty acid composition of different overwintering larvae were assessed. RESULTS: E. hippophaecolus larvae could survive for a long time at temperatures far below the SCP. Saturated fatty acids became less abundant as overwintering proceeded, while unsaturated fatty acids did the opposite. C10:0, C16:1, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C20:5, C22:0 and C24:0 fatty acids showed significant seasonal variation during the overwintering period. CONCLUSION: E. hippophaecolus is "freezing-tolerant" and cold hardiness is enhanced by increasing fatty acid unsaturation and degrading medium- and long-chain fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid.

The front cover image is based on the Research Article Projecting the current and future potential global distribution of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) using CLIMEX by Xuezhen Ge et al., DOI: 10.1002/ps.5083 . Photo Credit: Lili Ren image

The Chinese pine caterpillar Dendrolimus tabulaeformis is an important destructive leaf borer in boreal coniferous forests in China. This species overwinters in the larval stage. Changes in supercooling capacity and physiological-biochemical parameters of D. tabulaeformis larvae from a natural population were evaluated at different stages during the overwintering period. Cold hardiness of overwintering larvae collected in January was significantly greater than that of larvae collected in other months. January larvae survived for 15 days at -10 degrees C and for approximately 2 days at -15 degrees C. By contrast, larvae collected in September survived for no more than 4 h at -5 degrees C and those in November and March no more than 1 day at-15 degrees C. Supercooling point gradually decreased from -5.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C in September to a minimum of -14.1 +/- 1.0 degrees C in November, then gradually increased to the original value with the advent of spring. Water content gradually decreased from September to November, remained at approximately 74.5% until March and then gradually increased to levels similar to those in September. The lipid content gradually decreased from September to November, remained stable at approximately 3.2% until March and then gradually increased to levels similar to those in September. Glycogen content increased to a peak in November and then decreased. The concentrations of several metabolites showed significant seasonal changes. The most prominent metabolite was trehalose with a seasonal maximum in November. Glucose levels were highest in January and then gradually decreased until in May they were at levels similar to those in September. Glycerol levels remained relatively stable during winter but increased significantly in May. This study indicates that D. tabulaeformis is a freeze-avoidant insect. Larvae increase their supercooling capacity by regulating physiological-biochemical parameters during overwintering. Our results provide the basis for further research into the mechanism of cold hardiness in this species.

BACKGROUND:Seabuckthorn carpenter moth, Eogystia hippophaecolus (Hua, Chou, Fang, & Chen, 1990), is the most important boring pest of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the northwest of China. It is responsible for the death of large areas of H. rhamnoides forest, seriously affecting the ecological environment and economic development in north-western China. To clarify the potential distribution of E. hippophaecolus in China, the present study used the CLIMEX 4.0.0 model to project the potential distribution of the pest using historical climate data (1981-2010) and simulated future climate data (2011-2100) for China.RESULTS:Under historical climate condition, E. hippophaecolus would be found to be distributed mainly between 27° N-51° N and 74° E-134° E, with favorable and highly favorable habitats accounting for 35.2% of the total potential distribution. Under future climate conditions, E. hippophaecolus would be distributed mainly between 27° N-53° N and 74° E-134° E, with the possibility of moving in a northwest direction. Under these conditions, the proportion of the total area providing a favorable and highly favorable habitat may decrease to about 33%.CONCLUSION:These results will help to identify the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of E. hippophaecolus, thereby providing a theoretical basis for monitoring and early forecasting of pest outbreaks. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

红脂大小蠹作为一种国际性重大林业害虫,传入我国后,立即成为油松的致命性害虫并迅速在我国扩散开来.本研究利用中国历史气候数据(1981-2010年)和未来气候数据(2011-2040年),以CLIMEX软件和红脂大小蠹的生物学特性资料为理论依据,分析、预测、比较在历史气候条件下和未来气候条件下红脂大小蠹在中国的气候适生区.结果表明:在历史和未来气候条件下,红脂大小蠹的适生区域均集中在我国南方和华北地区,高度适生区所占比例最大.而在未来气候变暖条件下,由于各地的气候条件将发生变化,红脂大小蠹的适生区将向西北和东北方向扩增.研究表明气候变化会对红脂大小蠹的适生区有一定的影响,会导致其适生范围变大,适生边界北移,大部分地区适生程度增大.研究结果可为未来红脂大小蠹在我国的检疫防控、控制其扩散暴发提供一定的理论依据.

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Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus (Olivier) and E.brandti (Harold) are two wood boring pests of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (tree of heaven) and the variety Ailanthus altissima var. Qiantouchun. These beetles attack healthy trees and bore into roots and trunks during the larval stage. We studied the typology, distribution and morphostructure of the sensilla on the antennae, maxillary palps and labial palps of E.scrobiculatus and E.brandti larvae using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed the following: (i) the antennae of the two weevil larvae had two types of sensilla, sensilla basiconica (S.b.1 and S.b.2) and sensilla twig basiconica (S.tb.1-S.tb.3), with S.tb.4 observed only on the antennae of E.brandti larvae; (ii) the maxillary palps had three types of sensilla, S.b.2, S.tb. (S.tb.2, S.tb.3 and S.tb.5) and digitiform sensilla; (iii) the labial palps had two types of sensilla, S.b.2 and S.tb. (S.tb.2, S.tb.3 and S.tb.5); (iv) the quantity and distribution of sensilla on the antennae, maxillary palps and labial palps remained constant between E.scrobiculatus and E.brandti larvae; and (v) sensilla basiconica had distinct sidewall pores, an apical pore was observed on sensilla twig basiconica, and digitiform sensilla were oval in shape, with a distinct apical pore. Based on the microstructure of the cuticle wall and dendrite, we hypothesized that these sensilla functioned as olfactory, gustatory and hygro-/thermo-receptors, respectively. We discuss the relationships among types of sensilla and the types of damage caused by the larvae inside the host tree to understand olfactory and gustatory receptor mechanisms. The results of this study will provide a firm basis for future electrophysiological studies.

To explore the translocation and reallocation of nutrients in Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis after damage by Eogystia hippophaecolus, we determined the water contents, nutrients and mineral element compositions of the different sections of healthy and damaged H. rhamnoides. The results showed that the water contents of healthy shrubs did not differ significantly between the different sections, whereas they decreased before increasing subsequently from the top sections to the lower sections after insect damage. The ash contents of healthy shrubs decreased before increasing from the top sections to the lower sections, whereas there were no significant differences between the sections after damage. There were no significant changes in the variation tendency of most minerals and amino acids after damage. The protein contents of healthy shrubs decreased initially and thereafter remained unchanged, from top to bottom. After damage, there were no significant differences between the three sections. The capacities for translocation and the uptake of water and minerals were reduced after damage, and the damaged sections competed with others for nutrients, thereby causing weakening or even death of the plant. Results of this study demonstrated the mechanism of H. rhamnoides's death and devastation caused by E. hippophaecolus.