This study evaluates extracts of Allium (A.) cepa, Spinacia (S.) oleracea, andCymbopogon (C.) citratus as integrated treatment to synthetic drugs fortreating A. galli infections in chickens. In in vitro Larval Development Inhibition Test(LDIT), aqueous extracts were examined at 3% and 4% concentrations. For in vivo study,(Gallus domesticus of age six weeks, all females were selected) six groups were made(n=20\group). These groups were divided to treatment and control group. All groups wereartificially infected with A. galli eggs at L 3 stage (~500-600) orally except non-infectedgroup. Flubendazole and plant extracts (800mg) were administered to the chickens orally. Forin vitro, A. cepa extract demonstrated 100% suppression of larval development, comparableto Flubendazole. C. citratus extract displayed high inhibition (92-96%), while S. oleraceaextract was moderatly effective (70-86%) after 14 and 21 days. Results of in vivo studydemonstrated that A. cepa extract reduced fecal egg counts (EPG) 75% by day 3, 93% by day7 and 100% by day 10 while flubendazole eliminated EPG by Day 7. C. citratus extractreduced EPG 100% by day 10. While S. oleracea extract reduced EPG 92% by day 10.Chickens in treatment groups showed improvements in body weight gain and hematologicalparameters (red blood cells and WBCs). Phytochemicals obtained from extracts by HPLCshowed a good binding affinity with Glutathione- S-Transferase representing theiranthelmintic properties. The study concludes that these extracts are effective naturalanthelmintics that present a promising alternative for controlling A. galli infections inpoultry.

This research explored the transportation features and flow dynamics of three-dimensional unsteady axisymmetric squeezed micropolar fluid flowing through parallel disks. The below disk is remained static while the upper disk is moved by squeezing effect. Similarity variables are utilized to remodel the governing equations into dimensionless forms which are feasible for numerical computations. A robust MATLAB-based numerical approach is utilized to discuss the prominent physical quantities like heat transportation rate, skin friction, and mass transmission rate. An Explainable AI (XGBoost) framework is implemented for accurate prediction of mass transmission, heat transmission, and skin friction responses which revealed the nonlinear parameters interactions and improved the model interpretability. An incrementing magnetic parameter Nt augmented the skin friction on static disk. Thermophoresis parameter ( N-t) and the Lewis number (L-e) emerged as the prominent contributors for variations in nanoparticle migration and solute diffusivity in both disk cases. Mean-squared error (MSE) remained extremely small for the training set, ranging between 6.0 x 10(-9) to 2.4 x 10(-4) while mean absolute error (MAE) is similarly lower (<= 8.7 x 10(-3)). MAE and MSE increased slightly but remain small (maximum MAE <3.3 x 10(-2) and MSE <2.5 x 10(-4)) when transitioned from training data to unseen data. An excellent prediction capability is appeared when R-2 values are above 0.98. This research has potential applications in various industrial and technological domains, including thermal energy storage systems, solar thermal collectors, cryogenic energy platforms, marine current turbines, and underwater bearing assemblies.

Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) synthesized via co-precipitation. TEM showed that the synthesized NPs had an average size of 13.8 nm and exhibited a saturation magnetization of 50.26 emu/gm, while XRD confirmed their crystallinity. This study assessed the toxicological impacts of IONPs on hematology, serum biochemistry, genotoxicity, and the histoarchitecture ailments in different visceral organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, brain, and heart of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 16 healthy adult rabbits without infections were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B). Group A was the control whereas group B received 0.5 mg/kg bw of IONP dose once for 10 days via marginal ear vein. Visceral tissues and blood were obtained from each rabbit on days 5 and 10 of trial. The results showed a significant reduction in antioxidant enzymes and an increase in oxidative stress. The hematological profile indicated lower values of red blood cell counts, hematocrit, lymphocyte, and monocyte while significantly higher values of total white blood cell counts and neutrophil (%) in IONPs-treated rabbits. Serum biomarkers of the liver, kidneys, and heart exhibited escalated concentrations in IONPs-treated rabbits. Histopathological examination revealed notable tissue alterations like necrosis of hepatocyte, congestion, and bile duct hyperplasia in the liver, neuronal degeneration, necrosis, and microgliosis in the brain, tubular degeneration, necrosis, and congestion in the kidneys and disorganization of cardiac myofibers and edema in cardiac tissue. A significantly increased DNA damage was assessed in multiple visceral organs of treated rabbits. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that exposure to IONPs induces toxic effects in multiple visceral organs including the kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and brain in rabbits.

Absorption chillers are attractive because they use natural refrigerants and can be powered by low-grade heat sources. Among the commercially available working fluids, the most common one, H2O-LiBr, has a critical drawback associated with the crystallization of the solution at low temperatures and high absorbent concentrations. This limitation restricts the operating range of these systems, especially when they are air-cooled or used as heat pumps. Additives can be used in H2O-LiBr to reduce the crystallization temperature by improving the solubility of LiBr in the solution. However, they often present disadvantages such as the requirement of a rectifier, and a negative impact on heat and mass transfer. Ionic Liquids (ILs) used as additives represent an alternative to overcome these drawbacks. In the present study, 6 % of [DMIM][Cl] by mass in absorbent (LiBr + [DMIM][Cl]) is added as an anti-crystallization additive to study its effect on the experimental behavior and crystallization limit of a H2O-LiBr single-effect bi-adiabatic absorption chiller prototype. Results of H2O-LiBr and H2O-(LiBr + [DMIM][Cl]) were compared for the individual heat transfer elements and the global system COP. The results show a decrease in the crystallization temperature using H2O-(LiBr + [DMIM][Cl]), which extended the operating range of the prototype. A decrease of 15 degrees C in crystallization temperature was found for H2O-(LiBr + [DMIM][Cl]) compared to H2O-LiBr at an absorbent mass of 65 %. Crystallization impeded the operation for H2O-LiBr at the highest driving temperature (100 degrees C) and lowest cold source inlet temperature (9 degrees C), whereas no crystallization was observed at same operating conditions for the (LiBr + [DMIM][Cl]) solution. Under the tested conditions, the addition of the IL as additive increased the chiller operating range without the requirement of a rectifier and with a negligible impact on the cooling capacity and thermal COP.

Absorption Heat Pumps (AHPs) become attractive when low-grade energy sources power them. The water/LiBr is a commonly used working solution in which water is used as a refrigerant which is economical, abundant, nontoxic and natural refrigerant. However, water/LiBr AHPs faces an inherent challenge in operating at higher concentrations, which restrict their capability for cooling at high heat sink temperatures or for heating applications. LiBr crystallizes in water/LiBr solution at high concentrations, limiting the operational range and affecting the performance of the absorption cycle. Ionic Liquid (IL) can be added as an anti-crystallisation additive to improve the solubility of LiBr in absorbent solution. In this work, 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-imidazolium chloride [DMIM][Cl] is used as an additive containing a 6 % mass fraction in absorbent (LiBr+[DMIM][Cl]). This paper aims to characterise the wettability and heat and mass transfer processes for water/(LiBr+[DMIM] [Cl]) and water/LiBr solutions at air- and water-cooling thermal conditions. A horizontal tube falling film absorber is used in the present investigation. The new solution shows no adverse effects on the heat and mass transfer processes compared to water/LiBr; thus, both solutions performed similarly. The increase of 3 %, 8 %, and 3 % on average is noted for water absorption mass flux, heat transfer coefficient and absorber heat duty, respectively, at a cooling water temperature of 50 degrees C, with solution inlet subcooling of -3 degrees C and an absorbent concentration of 64 %. Additionally, the new working solution water/LiBr+[DMIM][Cl]) shows better wettability of absorber tube than water/LiBr, which is favorable for the absorption process.

Fish pickle from Cyprinus carpio was prepared with the objective that the track changes in quality of product over twelve months at room temperature were observed.The moisture, protein, fat and ash content of the freshly prepared fish pickle were found as 47.0, 14.05, 12.79 and 4.14 percent, respectively.The initial Peroxide value, TVBN, pH and titratable acidity values were found as 3.24mEqO2/kg, 4.34 mgN/100g, 5.03 and 0.6 mEq/100g respectively.The peroxide value showed an increasing trend reaching a final value of 10.23 mEqO2/kg in the twelfth month of the study.Similarly, the TVBN value also increased and was found as 18.05 mgN/100g at the end of the study.The final titratable acidity value was found to be 0.19 mEq/100g whereas, pH value increased attaining a final value of 5.84 at the end of the study.Based on the biochemical, organoleptic quality evaluation, the pickle was rejected by the taste panel in the twelfth month of the trial, hence common carp pickle remains edible up to 11 months at room temperature.

This study presents the time-dependent squeezing flow between parallel discs under the influence of various physical processes such as magnetohydrodynamics, micropolarity, thermophysics, homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions, and bioconvection. The slip and permeability effects are considered at the boundaries. The nonlinear system is simplified through scaling transformations and subsequently solved numerically. Besides, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to predict the values of skin-friction coefficients, heat transfer rates, and mass transfer rates at both discs. The performance of the ANN model is validated against the computational results, demonstrating robustness with correlation coefficients being almost close to 1. The ANN model performs more robustly for instance, skin-friction coefficient model revealed correlation (R) equaling 0.99775 and 0.99537 for the test data of the lower and upper discs, respectively. The values for heat and mass transfer observe as 0.99999, 0.99938, and 0.99839, 0.99167 for the test data of lower and upper discs. Parametric and sensitivity analyses produce results that are comparable to the numerical findings. Graphical and tabular representations are provided for various dimensionless parameters. Results indicate that the developed model is reliable and capable of accurately predicting multiple physical processes.

Absorption Heat Pumps (AHPs) offer competitive technology for producing cooling from renewable thermal energy. This technology is especially interesting when it uses water/LiBr as a working mixture, since water is a natural refrigerant, cheap, non-toxic and does not contribute to global warming. However, water/LiBr AHPs do present certain inherent problems that prevent this technology from operating in reversible mode to produce heating. LiBr crystallizes at high concentrations thus preventing it from operating in heating applications. The solubility of LiBr in water can be increased by adding Ionic Liquids (ILs) as additives in LiBr aqueous solutions. This paper aims to characterise the wettability and heat and mass transfer processes in a water/LiBr horizontal tubes falling film absorber using 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-imidazolium chloride [DMIM][Cl] as an additive. This is a preliminary study in which 55% and 58% LiBr aqueous solutions are compared with the addition of 6% [DMIM][ Cl] of LiBr by mass to the solution. The benefit of adding [DMIM][Cl] is expected to be significant at higher LiBr concentrations where LiBr alone crystalizes, hence limiting the operational range for heating.

The ability to turn a vision into reality is what leadership is all about. In the transformational leadership framework, this research looks at innovative behavior as a decisive variable in Pakistan's IT industry. People are influenced by transformational leadership because it creates a vision, builds morale, and motivates them. Employee turnover is reduced when leaders use the transformational leadership style; such leaders inspire people, listen to them, and find solutions to their problems; as a result, employee satisfaction is increased. The study also examines knowledge sharing as a mediator and the two moderators' organizational identification and learning goal orientation. Both moderators can enhance the effectiveness of knowledge-sharing on innovative behavior. The convenience sample technique was used in this cross-sectional study. Overall, 679 questionnaires were distributed for data collection, with 391 being selected for analysis since these questionnaires contained the most appropriate and complete information necessary for the study's analysis. After gathering data from the 391 respondents, the data was evaluated using the most up-to-date tools for determining model fitness. The findings of this study show that transformational leadership polishes innovative behavior with knowledge sharing serving as a mediator. But when employee organizational identification and learning goal orientation are strong, the results show that knowledge sharing bridges the gap between transformational leadership and employee innovative behavior. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed in this manuscript.

Electrically tunable lenses (ETLs) are those with the ability to alter their optical power in response to an electric signal. This feature allows such systems to not only image the areas of interest but also obtain spatial depth perception (depth of field, DOF). The aim of the present study was to develop an ETL-based imaging system for quantitative surface analysis. Firstly, the system was calibrated to achieve high depth resolution, warranting the accurate measurement of the depth and to account for and correct any influences from external factors on the ETL. This was completed using the Tenengrad operator which effectively identified the plane of best focus as demonstrated by the linear relationship between the control current applied to the ETL and the height at which the optical system focuses. The system was then employed to measure amplitude, spatial, hybrid, and volume surface texture parameters of a model material (pharmaceutical dosage form) which were validated against the parameters obtained using a previously validated surface texture analysis technique, optical profilometry. There were no statistically significant differences between the surface texture parameters measured by the techniques, highlighting the potential application of ETL-based imaging systems as an easily adaptable and low-cost alternative surface texture analysis technique to conventional microscopy techniques.

BACKGROUND:The coronavirus disease has become a global pandemic, and it continues to wreak havoc on global health and the economy. The development of vaccines may offer a potential eradication of COVID-19. This study evaluated the general knowledge, attitude, and perception of COVID-19 vaccines in the Pakistani population.METHODS:A self-reporting e-survey and questionnaire-based survey from vaccination centers of different cities of Pakistan among 502 participants were conducted. The questionnaire comprised four sections inquiring demographics, vaccination status, and perception or attitude towards the vaccine. Univariate logistic regression was applied to predict the knowledge, attitude and behavior of participants.RESULTS:The mean age of participants was 50.8±20.3 years. 53% of the participants have both doses of vaccine administered. Pain on the site of injection (49.8%) was the most common symptom, followed by asthenia (43.0%), muscle pain (29.5%), and swelling (24.5%) on the site of vaccine administration. Females complain of more symptoms than males. More severe symptoms were reported after the first dose of vaccine administration; these symptoms subsided within a week for most participants. Overall, the respondents have a positive attitude towards the vaccine. 47.4% are sure about the vaccine's efficacy, 48.6% said getting vaccinated was their own decision, and 79.9% also recommended others to get vaccinated.CONCLUSION:The study concluded that the Pakistani population has a positive attitude but inadequate knowledge towards COVID-19 vaccines. Immediate awareness and vaccination education programs should be conducted by the authorities to complete the mass vaccination schedule.

Introduction: The limited efficacy of BCG (bacillus Calmette–Guérin) urgently requires new effective vaccination approaches for the control of tuberculosis. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a prevalent drug delivery system. However, the effect of PLGA-based nanoparticles (NPs) against tuberculosis for the induction of mucosal immune response is no fully elucidated. In this study, we hypothesized that intranasal immunization with culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP10)-loaded PLGA NPs (CFP10-NPs) could boost the protective immunity of BCG against Mycobacterium bovis in mice. Methods: The recombinant protein CFP10 was encapsulated with PLGA NPs to prepare CFP10-NPs by the classical water–oil-water solvent-evaporation method. Then, the immunoregulatory effects of CFP10-NPs on macrophages in vitro and on BCG-immunized mice in vivo were investigated. Results: We used spherical CFP10-NPs with a negatively charged surface (zeta-potential −28.5 ± 1.7 mV) having a particle size of 281.7 ± 28.5 nm in diameter. Notably, CFP10-NPs significantly enhanced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β in J774A.1 macrophages. Moreover, mucosal immunization with CFP10-NPs significantly increased TNF-α and IL-1β production in serum, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and promoted the secretion of CFP10-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in splenocytes of mice. Furthermore, CFP10-NPs immunization significantly reduced the inflammatory area and bacterial load in lung tissues at 3-week post-M. bovis challenge. Conclusion: CFP10-NPs markedly improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of BCG. Our findings explore the potential of the airway mucosal vaccine based on PLGA NPs as a vehicle for targeted lung delivery.

This study analyzes the complex relationship between corruption, governance, and government revenue. It explores some of the collective influence approaches to corruption and Governance on Government revenue. The panel data of ninety-six countries from 2005 to 2020 is being collected from the Corruption perception index (CPI), World development indicator (WDI), and worldwide Governance indicators (WGI). For the analysis, panel data fixed effect and D&K technique is used among corruption, governance, and Government revenue. The findings show that corruption significantly and negatively affects government revenue, while governance significantly and positively impacts government revenue. So, the government needs to improve the governance quality to enhance the tax revenue and control the corruption level in the economy.

In the present study, quality changes of the fish cutlets prepared from the mince of pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) using sensory and biochemical methods during refrigerated storage were investigated. A storage study was conducted to find out the shelf-life of the product under refrigerated conditions for 12 days. The initial values of moisture, crude protein, fat and ash content of the prepared cutlet were found as 54.50, 18.27, 15.40 and 4.35 percent respectively. At the end of the 12th day of storage moisture, crude protein, fat and ash content were found 50.20, 19.90, 15.60 and 4.90 per cent respectively. NPN content increased from 1.06 to 3.20 during the study. The total volatile base nitrogen contents (TVBN) increased from 5.0 to 18.60 (mg %) on the 12th day of study. Peroxide value also showed an increasing trend and was found as 11.88 (meqO2/kg) on the 12th day of the study. Similarly, the pH value increased from 6.58 to 7.20 during the study. The product was rejected by the taste panel on the 12th day of the study.

Mitophagy is a selective autophagy mechanism for eliminating damaged mitochondria and plays a crucial role in the immune evasion of some viruses and bacteria. Here, we report that Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) utilizes host mitophagy to suppress host xenophagy to enhance its intracellular survival. M. bovis is the causative agent of animal tuberculosis and human tuberculosis. In the current study, we show that M. bovis induces mitophagy in macrophages, and the induction of mitophagy is impaired by PINK1 knockdown, indicating the PINK1-PRKN/Parkin pathway is involved in the mitophagy induced by M. bovis. Moreover, the survival of M. bovis in macrophages and the lung bacterial burden of mice are restricted by the inhibition of mitophagy and are enhanced by the induction of mitophagy. Confocal microscopy analysis reveals that induction of mitophagy suppresses host xenophagy by competitive utilization of p-TBK1. Overall, our results suggest that induction of mitophagy enhances M. bovis growth while inhibition of mitophagy improves growth restriction. The findings provide a new insight for understanding the intracellular survival mechanism of M. bovis in the host.Abbreviations: BMDM: mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage; BNIP3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like; BCL2L13: BCL2-like 13 (apoptosis facilitator); CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-cholorophenyl hydrazone; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain-containing 1; FKBP8: FKBP506 binding protein 8; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; IFN: interferon; L. monocytogenes: Listeria monocytogenes; M. bovis: Mycobacterium bovis; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mdivi-1: mitochondrial division inhibitor 1; PINK1: PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TUFM: Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.

We performed numerical analysis on fluid model for incompressible, time dependent electrically conducting squeezing flow of micropolar fluid. The non-Newtonian fluid is confined across two disks in which lower disk is fixed while upper disk moves upward and downward. A uniform suction is made at the lower fixed disk. The Buorngiorno nanofluid theory is implemented to discuss the thermal performance by thermopherosis and Brownian motion phenomenon. Microorganism theory is applied to sustain the suspended nanoparticles by bioconvection induced through combined influence of magnetic field and buoyancy forces. The nonlinear system is reduced to a set of ordinary differential equation by similarity variables. The dimensionless quantities are discussed in pictorial way on velocity, temperature, concentration and microorganism fields. It is perceived that micropolar and magnetic parameters have opposite trend on micro-rotation field. Brownian motion and Thermopheresis parameters have similar kind of influence on temperature profiles and the thermal fields is reduced by suction parameter. Radial velocity curves declined by the squeezing Reynolds number. Numerically values of the physical parameters are also calculated and described through tabular format. It is calculated that slip parameters are reduced the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers values at the both disks respectively. At the center of the plane between two disks, the radial velocity curves are declined, whereas such profiles are enhanced at the lower and upper disks against the magnetic parameter. The increased suction parameter reduces the radial field of f′η. Moreover the radial profiles are of parabolic nature.Microrotation and magnetic parameters tend to rotate the microrotation field in opposite way. In the left region of the central plane, the profiles are enhanced, while in the right half plane the micorotation profiles are reduced. Furthermore, the microrotation curves are intersecting at η = 0.5, where the profiles turn into opposite way.

The charging propensities of freeze-dried samples produced from combinations of Piroxicam (PXM) - a BCS Class II drug with D-glucosamine HCl (GLU) - a potential hydrophilic carrier were investigated in this study. Freeze-dried PXM:GLU solid dispersion samples were prepared at different PXM:GLU ratios and characterised using analytical techniques such as XRPD, DSC and SEM. In addition, the dissolution rate and triboelectric charging of the samples were investigated. DSC and XRPD results showed that the freeze-drying process produced crystalline materials which were mixtures of PXM polymorphs that included the monohydrate form. The dissolution rate of PXM was improved in the solid dispersions due to the presence of GLU compared to pure PXM with the freezedried PXM: GLU solid dispersion at the ratio of 1:1(500) showing the best improved dissolution of all the prepared samples. Electrostatics results showed PXM to have a higher tendency for charging in comparison to the carrier GLU (- 3.2 v 0.5 nC/g). Freeze-dried PXM:GLU showed an electropositive charging behaviour when the content of drug was <= 50% (w/w), whereas the freeze-dried samples containing >50% (w/w) of drug showed an opposite electronegative charging behaviour. The charge results also confirmed that GLU improved the handling of PXM through potential ordered mixture formations and shows how powder handling as well as dissolution can be manipulated to obtain the desired outcome.

Education is a fundamental foundation in the development of a nation. History reveals that success, honor and dignity become the pride of those nations who lead in education in the world. This study elaborates on the role of education in India and Sri Lanka's economic growth. Growth is 1981-2016. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique is applied in this study. It is pragmatic that India focused more on Tertiary education and Sri Lanka concentrated on Primary education. Tertiary education has a major role in India's GDP growth, whereas, in Sri Lanka, Primary education has a robust role in economic growth. It is evident that India's number of research scholars and highly skilled persons netted good recognition and distinction in the global world. This is due to the focus on tertiary education.

Aims and objectives: Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis; however, it also causes infection in a wide range of hosts including human beings. Johne's disease (JD) is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis predominantly observed in ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Autophagy is an innate immune defense mechanism for the control of intracellular bacteria, regulated by diverse signaling pathways. It plays a key role in the innate immune defense mechanism for controlling intracellular mycobacterium. Nilotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been studied extensively in various tumor models; however, no information exists about the pharmacological action of nilotinib in bacterial infections. We hypothesized to investigate the effect of nilotinib on the regulation of host innate immune responses against Mycobacterial infection. In addition, to devise best possible therapeutic remedy towards achieving the goal of mycobacterial diseases treatment based on molecular mechanism both in vitro and in vivo, which may provide useful strategy to treat animal's tuberculosis. Methods: In the current study, we conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate the role of nilotinib in the regulation of autophagy. Western blot, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were performed to investigate the induction of autophagy upon nilotinib treatment during M. bovis infection. Gross and histological analysis were conducted to observe the effect of nilotinib on the development of lung's lesions in mice infected with M. bovis. CFU assay was performed to determine the effect of nilotinib on the intracellular growth of M. bovis. Results: We found that nilotinib improved the host immune responses by inhibiting intracellular survival and growth of both M. bovis and MAP. Nilotinib also attenuated PI3k/Akt/mTOR axis for the regulation of autophagic degradation of intracellular mycobacterium mediated by inhibition of Abelson (c-ABL) tyrosine kinase. In addition, nilotinib promoted ubiquitination of intracellular bacteria through activation of E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. Similarly, lung tissue sections of nilotinib treated mice also showed high intensity of parkin protein post M. bovis infection. From in-vivo experiment, we found that nilotinib effectively controlled M. bovis growth and the severity of disease in infected mice. Conclusions: Altogether, our data shows that nilotinib regulates protective host innate immune responses against intracellular pathogen both in-vitro and in-vivo and can be exploited as a novel host-directed therapeutic agent in the control of M. bovis and MAP infections.