The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency is an international institution that promotes investment in developing countries by offering political and economic risk insurance. The agency was created to complement both public and private investment insurance sources against non-commercial risks in developing countries. MIGA’s guarantees protect investments against noncommercial risks and can help investors obtain access to funding sources with improved financial terms and conditions. MIGA have the objectives of offering insurance for investors and lenders, helping governments attract foreign direct investment, connecting investors to investment opportunities, structuring Transactions for Emerging Market Risk, providing dispute resolution services to all of its clients and protecting People and the Environment. To meet these objectives MIGA provides the non- commercial or political risk insurance. The noncommercial or political risk insurance cover currency inconvertibility and transfer restriction insurance, expropriation insurance, war, terrorism and Civil disturbance insurance, breach of contract insurance and non-honoring of financial obligations. MIGA put a certain criteria for investors and investments and countries to be eligible for protection. So that, investors, countries and investment of investors should fulfill the eligibility criteria to get protections provided by MIGA. The premium rates which should be contributed by the needy for MIGA protection are decided on a per-project basis and vary by country, sector, transaction and the type of risk insured. MIGA provides coverage for a minimum of one year and a maximum of up to 15 years but the amount of coverage will vary based the total amount of project and the premium paid off. Therefore, our country Ethiopia and its investor should strengthen the relationship; create a link and cooperation with MIGA to reap the benefits to be gained from MIGA as A member country. Additionally, Investors should also create a link with MIGA to reap the benefits gained from MIGA and reduce the risk of loss investment property by Non Commercial or political reasons such as currency inconvertibility and transfer restriction insurance, expropriation insurance, war, terrorism and Civil disturbance insurance, breach of contract insurance and non-honoring of financial obligations.

Capital market development in Ethiopia traces back to the imperial regime. In this regime there had existed a rudimentary share market in Ethiopia. Share dealing was handled by the National Bank of Ethiopia, department of Share Exchange and later the bank allowed other financial institutions and few private share dealers known under the name of “Share Dealing Group” to participate in shares trading. The Share Dealing Group was engaged in facilitation of transaction of shares and other services in the share markets. The financial institutions that played an intermediary role in transferring and delivery of traded shares were the Addis Ababa Bank, the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Investment Corporation. They provide over-the-counter share dealing services and enjoyed a significant confidence of the private investing community. After the overthrown of the imperial regime by the derg regime the Addis Ababa share dealing group was abolished. The derg regime is known by was nationalization of private properties and the economic policy of the country is command economy. Because of this the derg regime has no place for capital market. Even if Ethiopia has abolished the command economy and pro privatization of properties in the post 1991 of the current regime the government does not give greater attention for the capital market because of its focus on the agriculture commodity exchange. In the current regime there is no specific legal and institutional framework for the secondary capital market development rather than the rudimentary provision of the commercial code of Ethiopia. But the need for capital markets, as the next step in the ongoing financial liberalization is gaining consensus among various stakeholders in the country. A number of efforts, notably by scholars from academia, Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and sectoral Association (AACCSA) and National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) are being made towards institutionalizing the capital market. The establishment of well-functioning secondary stock market requires strong regulatory and legal frameworks which clearly regulate and direct the overall operation and further development of the secondary capital market. In Ethiopia there is no legal and institutional framework that regulates the operation of secondary stock market. The absence of institutional, legal and policy framework for stock market activity, may adversely affect liquidity thereby adversely impacting economic development. So that the government of Ethiopia should establish prudent legal and institutional framework that regulate the operation and exchange of stock market in general and secondary stock market in particular.

The study aims to analyze climate variability and farmers’ perception in Southern Ethiopia. Gridded annual temperature and precipitation data were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia for the period between 1983 and 2014. Using a multistage sampling technique, 403 farm households were surveyed to substantiate farmers’ perceptions about climate variability and change. The study applied a nonparametric Sen’s slope estimator and Mann–Kendall’s trend tests to detect the magnitude and statistical significance of climate variability and binary logit regression model to find factors influencing farm households’ perceptions about climate variability over three agroecological zones (AEZs). The trend analysis reveals that positive trends were observed in the annual maximum temperature, 0.02°C/year (p<0.01) in the lowland and 0.04°C/year (p<0.01) in the highland AEZs. The positive trend in annual minimum temperature was consistent in all AEZs and significant (p<0.01). An upward trend in the annual total rainfall (10 mm/year) (p<0.05) was recorded in the midland AEZ. Over 60% of farmers have perceived increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in all AEZs. However, farmers’ perception about rainfall in the midland AEZ contradicts with meteorological analysis. Results from the binary logit model inform that farmers’ climate change perceptions are significantly influenced by their access to climate and market information, agroecology, education, agricultural input, and village market distance. Based on these results, it is recommended to enhance farm households’ capacity by providing timely weather and climate information along with institutional actions such as agricultural extension services.

Ethiopia’s economy has grown, and the country made major progress on health, education and poverty initiatives over the past decades; the poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty line has declined from 38.6% in 2004 to about 29.6% in 2011i;1,2 The government, inspired by the recent developments, initiated a five-year (2010-2015) Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to foster broadbased growth and equitable economic growth. Given the economy is dominated by agriculture, GTP aimed for at least 8.1% per annum agricultural sector growth.3

The study aims to assess trends in extremes of surface temperature and precipitation through the application of the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) on datasets representing three agroecological zones in Southern Ethiopia. The indices are applied to daily temperature and precipitation data. Nonparametric Sen’s slope estimator and Mann–Kendall’s trend tests are used to detect the magnitude and statistical significance of changes in extreme climate, respectively. All agroecological zones (AEZs) have experienced both positive and negative trends of change in temperature extremes. Over three decades, warmest days, warmest nights, and coldest nights have shown significantly increasing trends except in the midland AEZ where warmest days decreased by 0.017°C/year (p<0.05). Temperature extreme’s magnitude of change is higher in the highland AEZ and lower in the midland AEZ. The trend in the daily temperature range shows statistically significant decrease across AEZs (p<0.05). A decreasing trend in the cold spell duration indicator was observed in all AEZs, and the magnitude of change is 0.667 days/year in lowland (p<0.001), 2.259 days/year in midland, and 1 day/year in highland (p<0.05). On the contrary, the number of very wet days revealed a positive trend both in the midland and highland AEZs (p<0.05). Overall, it is observed that warm extremes are increasing while cold extremes are decreasing, suggesting considerable changes in the AEZs.

Background: Undescended testis is one of the commonest congenital malformations seen in boys. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pattern of presentation, approach to diagnosis, treatment and follow up in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, a tertiary teaching hospital in Ethiopia.Methods: This is a retrospective cross sectional study of all boys with undescended testis operated in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital between September 2012 and August 2014.Results: Of 82 boys operated within the study period, 66 boys with 78 undescended testes are studied. Twenty-six percent (17/66)came before the age of 2 years, while the majority of the study group, 50% (33/66), presented beyond 5 years of age. Of the 17 boys brought to the hospital before 2 years, only 41% (7/17) them were treated before the age of two years. The majority 89% (59/66) of the boys were treated after 2 years of age. Seventy-one testes of 78 [91%] were in the inguinal canal, 5 were intra-abdominal and 2 were absent. 46% (36/78) were on the left side, 29% (23/78) on the right side and the rest were bilateral. Among the 54 boys who had ultrasound examination, the ultrasound report is consistent with operative findings in 33 [61%]. Associated congenital malformations were found in 31.8% (21/66) of the boys. Hypospadia was the predominant malformation comprising 38% (8/21) of the total congenital malformations. Orchidopexy was done for 82% (64/78) of the total testes, orchiectomy was done for 9% (7/78) and biopsy was taken in 1 case. Among the total operated boys only 62% (41/66) were followed in our clinic; of those who had follow up 10% (4/41) testes atrophied and 1 [2%] testis retracted.Conclusion: Boys with undescended testes present and are treated late in Tikur Anbesa Hospital. As opposed to the literatures most of the undescended testes were found on the left side. Ultrasound examination cannot be the only mode of examination for undescended testes as it misses more than one third of the cases. Hypospadia is the commonest associated congenital malformation. Post operative follow up is very poor after treatment for undescended testes

The charity and society proclamation was adopted in 2009 by the House of Peoples Representative of the FDRE. This law prohibits the Ethiopian resident and foreign charities from engaging in human right issues and requiring judicial review of administrative decisions. It also put fund raising restriction on Ethiopian charities and societies. Additionally, the laws provide the 70/30 rule of budget allocation and the duty to keep accounting record and strict reporting requirement to the charity and society agency. This research therefore tries to assess the challenge and prospects this law on the civil society sector through qualitative research methods by interview of three charities and societies officials along with assessment of the charities and societies law and other literatures. After conducting serious analysis, the writer has, eventually, reached to the following findings. The prohibition of the Ethiopian resident and foreign charities from engaging in human rights issues and the fund raising restriction on the Ethiopian charities and societies creates a challenge for the promotion and protection of human rights. Additionally, the prohibition of requiring judicial review of administrative decisions of the Ethiopian resident and foreign charities creates a challenge for them to reverse the unjust and arbitrary decisions of administrative bodies. Moreover, the 70/30 rule of budget allocation is important for the beneficiaries to receive more benefits from the projects of the charities and societies. Finally, the duty of accounting records and strict reporting requirement is important to avoid or reduce corruption and to create accountability and transparency on the charities and societies sector. Based on these finding the researcher recommend the necessity of amendment of the fund raising restriction, the prohibition of Ethiopian resident and foreign charities from the involvement of human rights issues, the inclusion of transport cost used to implement and supervise the project of the organizations, costs for wages of employees, fuel costs and costs that is incurred to attend the agency’s meeting in the operational cost or increase the administrative cost to 40% and making the ratio of operational and administrative cost 60%/ 40 and the denial of appeal rights.

Since the publication of the World Development Report 2008, two related strands of research have emerged—one on the validity of smallholder-led development strategy and the other on agricultural intensification under population pressure. The former casts doubt about the role of agriculture in economic development in smallholders dominated countries and the later provides evidence that are contrary to earlier findings on induced innovation theory. Using a unique panel dataset, we examine whether these arguments are valid for Bangladesh—a densely populated country that has experienced significant growth in recent decades. The results suggest that (1) agriculture as a source of income declined significantly over the past two decades; (2) the operated farm size stopped declining in the late 1980s; and (3) that population density relates positively with a host of agricultural intensifications indicators with no evidence of threshold. Historical data on real prices, domestic surpluses, and other macroeconomic variables lend further support to these results. Thus, the paper concludes that small-holding was not a deterrent to structural changes in Bangladesh thus far and that agricultural intensification continued amid intense population pressure.

Fertilizer use in Ethiopia has nearly quintupled since official elimination of direct input subsidies in the early 1990s. During this time, policies changed from liberalization, with both private and public sector participation, to a government monopoly over imports along with exclusive marketing through farmers’ cooperatives. This article presents estimates of detail costs and margins in the value chain, econometrically derived profitability and yield responses, as well as costs of the government's fertilizer promotion policies. Results suggest that (a) irrespective of the methods of calculation, fertilizer use in major cereal is profitable; (b) while there is no official subsidy program, fertilizer promotion has involved large fiscal costs—estimated at US$40 million per year since 2008; and (c) there has been a mismatch between government's policy targets and the effective fertilizer demand, resulting in large carryover stock with estimated implicit costs of US$30 million per year during 2008–2011. Areas of policy attention, value chain improvements, and ongoing efforts to improve for fertilizer use and profitability are discussed.

The study involved interviewing a large number of stakeholders in fertilizer value chain, collection of data on costs and margins from the key actors in the value chain, as well as household survey data. In this paper, we present the key findings from that study. In particular, the paper presents estimates of detail costs and margins in the value chain, econometrically derived profitability and yield responses, and the costs of government’s fertilizer promotion policies. Based the estimates of the costs and margins in the fertilizer value chain, the study argues that the current value chain will not be sustainable unless the scale of operation, as well institutional capacity, of the primary cooperatives goes up.

Fertilizer use in Ethiopia has nearly quintupled since official elimination of direct input subsidies in the early 1990s. During this time, policies changed from liberalization, with both private and public sector participation, to a government monopoly over imports along with exclusive marketing through farmers' cooperatives. This article presents estimates of detail costs and margins in the value chain, econometrically derived profitability and yield responses, as well as costs of the government's fertilizer promotion policies. Results suggest that (a) irrespective of the methods of calculation, fertilizer use in major cereal is profitable; (b) while there is no official subsidy program, fertilizer promotion has involved large fiscal costsestimated at US$40 million per year since 2008; and (c) there has been a mismatch between government's policy targets and the effective fertilizer demand, resulting in large carryover stock with estimated implicit costs of US$30 million per year during 2008-2011. Areas of policy attention, value chain improvements, and ongoing efforts to improve for fertilizer use and profitability are discussed.

How households adjust their consumption in response to changes in prices and income is crucial determinant of the effects of various shocks to market prices and commodity supplies. These adjustments in demand are particularly significant in Ethiopia, where many households consume inadequate quantities of calories, protein and other nutrients. Household consumption behaviour in the country is also rather complex. Regional consumption patterns differ considerably with no single staple dominating. Instead, four different cereals (teff, wheat, maize and sorghum) are major staples in parts of the country and even within most regions, two or more food staples account for relatively large shares of total calories and food expenditures1.