Traceability and transparency are crucial aspects of humanitarian supply chains to ensure the efficient delivery of aid. Existing research emphasises the need for improved traceability and transparency to address challenges like corruption, counterfeit goods, and inefficient distribution. Traditional systems, however, often lack the necessary infrastructure and mechanisms to achieve these objectives effectively. Blockchain technology offers unique capabilities to enhance traceability in humanitarian supply chains. This paper presents a conceptual blockchain-based system designed to record and verify the movement of humanitarian goods and resources and facilitate collaborations of key stakeholders throughout the supply chain. By enhancing traceability, transparency, and stakeholder collaboration, this system could contribute to the effective delivery of humanitarian aid, ultimately benefiting the affected communities in their time of need.

The last food mile delivery involves the final step of delivering food products to the end customers.By developing e-commerce channels, home delivery is considered the final mile of food delivery.However, although home food delivery has received much welcome from consumers, it is still one of the costliest and most polluting segments in the food supply chain, and its optimisation is highly felt.Thus, this paper proposes a new initiative to reduce the environmental impacts of home food deliveries from retailers in urban areas.Last food mile models for both the conventional approach in which each retailer has its own dark store and for a proposed approach in which all retailers have only one common dark store for home food delivery are developed.A Vehicle Route Problem with Time Window (VRPTW) and heterogeneous fleet are developed to minimise both CO2 emission and transportation cost simultaneously and implemented using a simulated annealing algorithm that is programmed in MATLAB software.The obtained results revealed that the proposed initiative's application can significantly impact the reduction of both CO2 emission and transportation costs.

The oil and gas sector in Nigeria is one of the major sectors that contributes to the country GDP.Yet, this sector is mired with many challenges which need to be systematically analysed and resolved.Among these challenges, are the current procurement practices which adversely impact oil producing companies, contractors, and vendors.Procurement is a vital functional area across the supply chain hance it needs to be robust, efficient, and effective.Using the data gathered from a questionnaire survey, this paper aim is to outline the top key challenges in the procurement processes in the oil and gas sector.

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.

Steadily increasing demand requires neonatal units and networks to improve their overall capacities. Given the operational complexities involved, simulation is a popular choice for capacity planning studies. , For efficient model building, simulation exercises typically assume unidirectional flow of patients i.e., infants progressively move to lower levels of care. Patient flows are, however, much more complex i.e., time-to-time patients may require a higher level of care than the current level of care. This paper argues that bi-directional flow modelling is required to produce accurate capacity estimates thereby improving the quality decision making.

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.

It is acknowledged that UK SMEs make a significant contribution to its economy. However, SMEs are generally slow to adopt new technologies due to intrinsic constraints such as lack of in-house expertise and investment limitations. Inventory is a key asset in any organisation. Most SMEs use of some form of IT platforms to manage inventory but it appears that inventory optimisation is not a prime goal. If deployed correctly, inventory optimisation can significantly reduce costs and improve operational effectiveness. This paper presents the underlying causes behind the lack of commitment to inventory optimisation in UK SMEs based on the evidence gathered from industry and literature. It also outlines potential actions that may be taken to motivate adoption of inventory optimisation in SMEs.

This paper provides a holistic view of blockchain technology promises in humanitarian operations. Blockchain provides most value in the areas of trust, transparency, and visibility, yet it’s still unregulated and its technical complexities compounded with a lack of knowledge, technical skills and training pose stringent challenges in its application. Our review offers valuable and unique insight for academic and supply chain practitioners on the extant status and its potential areas of application in humanitarian settings while laying a firm foundation for further research.

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.

Isolated pulmonary valve infective endocarditis (IE) with Enterococcus faecalis in a child with an underlying ventricular septal defect (VSD) is rare. A ten year old girl with a VSD with moderate to severe right ventricular mid cavity obstruction presented with fever and loose stools. Examination did not reveal any peripheral stigmata of IE. Five of six blood cultures sent in two sets 12 hours apart, grew E. faecalis sensitive to β-lactams. 2D echocardiography revealed a 7×4 mm vegetation on the pulmonary valve. She was treated with intravenous antibiotics for 6 weeks. Inflammatory markers normalized by 6 weeks and the vegetation cleared by the 7th week. Amongst the aetiological agents, isolation of Enterococcus faecalis is rare in children and drug resistance is an emerging problem. Enterococcus species related native valve IE needs a prolonged course of therapy with penicillin G/ampicillin together with gentamicin for 4-6 weeks. Heart failure and cerebral embolization are the most commonly encountered complications.

A humble man who pursues high standards in quality establishes one of the most foremost brands in the packaging industry in Sri Lanka. Korean SPA Packaging (Pvt) Ltd exhibits continuous growth over a long period. Continuous growth measures through several factors—the three critical drivers of constant growth identified as entrepreneurial leadership, operational performance, and green practices. The authors referred to indepth research deliberations to explore the three drivers and the outcome and developed a conceptual framework to focus on the case study. The authors conducted ten in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions with a structured interview guide, apart from the secondary sources. The case study findings would help many businesses as executing entrepreneurial leadership is not bound to a particular industry but to any company that seeks more promising returns. The case showcases how leaders drive performance and green practices.

Aim: Candida species causing neonatal candidaemia show a wide geographical variation and are usually healthcare acquired. Awareness of prevalent Candida species and knowledge of possible risk factors allows timely commencement of antifungal prophylaxis, directs appropriate empirical antifungal therapy and helps to prevent occurrence. This study aims to evaluate the Candida species distribution and the impact on preventive measures. Method: This was carried out as a prospective descriptive study in a Special Care Baby Unit (with a capacity of 16 cots with ventilation facilities for 8 newborns) attached to a tertiary care hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka from January 2015 to December 2020. Identification and antifungal sensitivities were done according to standard protocols. Impact of preventive measures implemented to prevent nosocomial transmission of Candida species was reassessed. Result: A total of 27 candidaemia episodes (C. parapsilosis 61.54%, C. albicans 15.38%, C. guilliermondii 15.38% and 7.7% non-albicans Candida) were detected during the study period. The overall incidence was 1.04 per 100 SCBU admissions. A drop in antibiotic consumption was noted with antibiotic stewardship implementation. Discussion: Neonatal candidaemia was predominantly caused by non-albicans Candida species. Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programme and strengthening of infection control activities markedly reduced the incidence of neonatal candidaemia.

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.

A 64-year-old newly diagnosed retroviral positive, unmarried, male with a CD4 count 77 cells/mm3 presented with productive cough, fever, wheezing and pleuritic type chest pain for 5 days duration. On examination he had B/L rhonchi, crepitations. His baseline investigations and CXR was normal. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis, isoniazid prophylaxis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) was started. Within first week of starting ART, his respiratory symptoms got worsened. Repeat investigations had no significance other than the rising CMV quantitative DNA PCR from 2290 IU/ml to 2.03×104 IU/ml. Repeat CXR revealed right side pleural effusion with underling collapse and consolidation. HRCT was compatible with CMV pneumonitis. Mild pericardial effusion in the 2D ECHO. Patient was improved with intravenous Ganciclovir. Here, we present a possible case of CMV pneumonitis, as it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with rising CMV quantitative DNA PCR even with a higher CD4 count.

Objective - The purpose of this study is to explore the ability of accounting graduates to improvise i.e. the ability to deal with complicated and unexpected situations in an entrepreneurial, contextual, creative and professional manner, the ability to react in conditions of complexity and temporariness, the ability to identify opportunities and try new methods on the spot from the perspective of employers, institutions and students. All these dimensions are very important to students and organizations as part of the skills required to succeed in a highly competitive business world. Unemployment among local graduates has become a serious problem in Malaysia. The problem does not lie with limited employment opportunities but stems from a lack of work-ready graduates. The Malaysian government has introduced a compulsory internship program for each graduate student. Various attempts have been taken to study the effectiveness of this internship program. However, there remains limited knowledge on how interns can improve their skills within the internship program, to gain meaningful employment in the future Therefore, this research will examine the ability for accounting graduates to improve their improvisation through their internship programs. Methodology/Technique - The first research gap of this study looks at the micro perspective i.e. student's improvisation capacity within an internship. The second research gap is the lack of empirical evidence on the factors affecting student/individual/employee improvisation from three perspectives i.e. employers, institutions and students. The last research gap is the limited availability of research on the development of a framework for enhancing internship programs in Malaysia for accounting students. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Improvisation Capacity; Graduate Improvisation; Employee Improvisation; Work-ready. JEL Classification: M40 , M49.

Introduction: Genital wart (GW) is the 3rd leading Sexually Transmitted disease (STD) in Sri Lanka which accounts for 23% of total reported STDs. Objective: To describe the management of GW at STD clinic, Kalubowila in relation to the national guideline. Methods: One hundred and thirty nine consecutive patient records during year 2016, with genital warts were analyzed using a data extraction sheet for auditable outcome variables adapted from the audit group of British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH). Results: Out of 139 records, 86 were males and 53 were females. All the patients were managed according to the Sri Lankan national guideline. In almost all the cases (96%), site/location of the warts and extent/ distribution of the warts had been recorded using diagrams. However, the lesion was described in 50% of records. Out of female patients (53), cervical cytology was done in 31 patients (58%) and CIN 1 was reported in 2 cases. Pap smear had not been done in 40% of patients by the STD clinic due to pregnancy, total hysterectomy and availability of recent Pap test. All the patients were screened for HIV, syphilis and gonorrhoea. Trichloroacetic acid (90% TCA) and Cryo-theapy were the first line treatment among 75% and 25% of patients respectively. Three month treatment response rate was 74% while 9% did not show an adequate response and rest (17%) were defaulted treatment. Conclusion: Almost all the patients were managed according to the national guideline and this should be continued. However, treatment response rate needs to be improved availing more treatment options.

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.

High-quality input data are a necessity for successful discrete event simulation DES applications, and there are available methodologies for data collection in DES projects. However, in contrast to standalone projects, using DES as a daily manufacturing engineering tool requires high-quality production data to be constantly available. In fact, there has been a major shift in the application of DES in manufacturing from production system design to daily operations, accompanied by a stream of research on automation of input data management and interoperability between data sources and simulation models. Unfortunately, this research stream rests on the assumption that the collected data are already of high quality, and there is a lack of in-depth understanding of simulation data quality problems from a practitioners' perspective. Therefore, a multiple-case study within the automotive industry was used to provide empirical descriptions of simulation data quality problems, data production processes, and relations between these processes and simulation data quality problems. These empirical descriptions are necessary to extend the present knowledge on data quality in DES in a practical real-world manufacturing context, which is a prerequisite for developing practical solutions for solving data quality problems such as limited accessibility, lack of data on minor stoppages, and data sources not being designed for simulation. Further, the empirical and theoretical knowledge gained throughout the study was used to propose a set of practical guidelines that can support manufacturing companies in improving data quality in DES.

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.