Class 8 heavy duty electric vehicles have larger battery packs that require higher charging rates to complete the charging process in an acceptable dwell time. Light duty vehicle charging systems (standards) have increased in voltage and current in the past 10 years, now reaching 1000 vdc up to 1000 A in boost mode. The Megawatt Charging System (MCS) standard is a clean sheet purpose-built connector approach that is rated up to $1500 \mathrm{v} / 3000 \mathrm{~A}$ with appropriate cooling. The 20 mm diameter contacts and 10BaseT1S ethernet communication provide higher power and more reliable operation than previous standards such as the SAE J1772 Combined Charging System (CCS). The IEC 61851-23-3 standard for megawatt charging is limited to public infrastructure for only on-road heavy duty electric vehicles. The SAE J3271 RP MCS standard includes a spectrum of large electric vehicles that include on-road as well as off-road, mining, marine, aviation, construction, etc charging of anything that ‘rolls, flies or floats’. This paper describes the MCS development process and obstacles that needed to be addressed to evolve to the present near-final published version of the related standards. Managed energy flow for groups of MCS stations is also addressed.

Developing an Energy Service Interface (ESI) specification requires engaging a community of stakeholders including grid operators, Information and Communication Technology implementors, integrators, and finally standards bodies who will define an interface that respects and boundaries of ownership and roles of responsibility in order to activate millions of Distributed Energy Resource for the provision of grid services. By applying Interoperability Maturity Model Criteria and ESI principles to common grid-DER service use cases, the Grid Modernization Lab Consortium team will engage subject matter experts to develop a specification, with an eventual goal of informing development of ESI compliant profiles or standards. The ESI Specification is intended to specify the characteristics, attributes, or qualities that need to be addressed in ESI compliant standards or profiles. This includes addressing interoperability criteria and the service-performance style of the interface.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Electric Vehicles at Scale Lab Consortium (EVs@Scale Lab Consortium) is accelerating research to support the establishment of a secure and scalable national network of charging infrastructure. This network will be critical to support tens of millions of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty EVs on American roads by 2030. The EVs@Scale Lab Consortium brings together national laboratories and key stakeholders to conduct infrastructure research and development (R&D) that advances innovations in, and sets unified standards for, high-power and wireless charging. The effort will also develop technologies to integrate vehicle charging with the power grid, and develop cybersecurity measures to protect drivers, vehicles, equipment, and the grid. The first hybrid EVs@Scale Lab Consortium Biannual Stakeholder Meeting was held at NREL on August 17, 2022, to identify research, development, and deployment needs to accelerate technology development for electric vehicles at scale and explore opportunities for collaboration across government, academia, and industry.

This document reports on the Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium effort to identify gaps in standards for the interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources (DERs). The project extended a 3-year period from 2017 to 2019. Under the work plan, the team identified standards and test procedures related to interconnection and interoperability, grouped under the broad headings of their primary applicable technology domain: automotive, responsive loads, photovoltaic inverters, inverter-based energy storage, machine-based DERs, and microgrids. The team then conducted a gap analysis by comparing the current standards to the expected future requirements needed for specific grid services. Overall, gaps could be any activity needed to harmonize requirements among standards development organizations, minimize conflicting requirements among technology domains, or streamline conformance test procedures.

During fiscal year 2019 (FY 2019), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) funded early stage research & development (R&D) projects that address Batteries and Electrification of the U.S. transportation sector. The VTO Electrification Sub-Program is composed of Electric Drive Technologies, and Grid Integration activities. The Electric Drive Technologies group conducts R&D projects that advance electric motors and power electronics technologies. The Grid and Charging Infrastructure group conducts R&D projects that advance grid modernization and electric vehicle charging technologies. This document presents a brief overview of the Electrification Sub-Program and progress reports for its R&D projects. Each of the progress reports provide a project overview and highlights of the technical results that were accomplished in FY 2019.

This document addresses the challenges in power/energy measurement for commercial dispensing of electricity as a fuel, using a scalable submeter designed to support a spectrum of charging system sizes and technologies. Certified accuracy measurement of delivered charging energy is required by nationwide, state enforced, weights and measures regulations for commercial EV charging transactions. Electric vehicle charging power is limited by available electrical distribution system infrastructure capacity and the rating or size of the electric vehicle battery system. A scalable submeter design can support light duty 3kW AC charging up to (work in progress)class 8 heavy duty electric vehicles delivering up to 1500vdc, 3000adc (4.5MW max). In simple terms, scalable from 120v to 1500v and with proper sensors from 30A to 3000A using the same submeter.

There are many challenges in implementing grid aware electric vehicle charging systems with local load control. New opportunities for innovative load control were created as a result of changes to the National Electric Code (NEC) for automatic load control definitions for EV charging infrastructure. Stakeholders in optimised dispatch of EV charging assets include the end users (EV drivers), site owner/operators, facility managers and utilities. NEC definition changes allow for `over subscription' of more EV charging stations than can be continuously supported if the total load at any time is within the supply system safey limit. Local load control can be implemented via compact submeter(s) with locally hosted control algorithms with direct communication to the managed EVSEs. Larger groups of EVSEs can be managed as a constrained system via network connections, or meshes of smaller nodes, with cloud based control algorithms coordinating local control nodes. This paper is constrained to only AC charging, from grid to vehicle, in a modestly sized system, extensible to larger meshes of EV charging stations.

Real-Time simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing are increasingly adopted by industry for the development and validation of complex systems. This paper presents the real-time modeling and power management of a Vehicle-Grid Integration (VGI) system. The VGI system consists of six AC level 2 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging stations, a Photovoltaics (PV) farm, a commercial building load, and a switch connecting to 240V single phase power grid. PEV charging activities follow the SAE J1772 standard. An energy management algorithm is designed for the VGI system to coordinate the PEV charging with the building load and PV renewable generation. The coordination maintains the power consumption of the VGI system below utility’s demand charge pricing threshold. A real-time power system simulator, Opal-RT, is used in this study. The OPAL-RT system allows users to build detailed power system models using Matlab Simulink/SimPowerSystems and RT-LAB library, and run the models in real-time. The model-based approach enables the integration of power system models seamlessly with the power management algorithm and power electronics-level controllers. The simulation results show that the VGI model emulates the real system well and the coordinated PEV charging helps to balance the power generation and consumption of the VGI system to meet power management requirement.

The standards development process for NIST Handbook 44-3.40 relies on clear definitions, procedures and equipment specifications. This standard covers commercial dispensing of electricity as a fuel. Similar to the need 100+ years ago to create a repeatable method for verifying accuracy of dispensed liquid fuels, commercial transactions for 'fueling' an electric vehicle need to be regulated and certified by state weights and measures officials. This paper describes ANL submeter technology developments, metering and transaction reporting requirements for HB44 as well as the development of a National Type Evaluation Program (NTEP), applied to AC, DC and wireless charging equipment.

Global sales of electric vehicles passed the 1 million unit mark in 2015. These grid-sourced electric vehicles operators require reliable access to seamless delivery of electricity to their vehicles for dependable transportation. Electrical utilities and other electrical distribution infrastructure owner/operators require the electrical vehicles using their services to be nondisruptive with reasonable return on investment revenues. Standards Defining Organization (SDO) committees are composed of subject matter experts that formalize requirements for the respective standards topic, based on needs of the stakeholders. Validation of standards, component-system compliance to standards, and interoperability of systems between standards requires testing. This testing can be simulation or model based as well as component and system level evaluation. This paper describes requirements and challenges to build a real-world testbed for EV-smartgrid interoperability assessment. AC, DC, and Wireless charging methods are addressed as well of balance of system topic such as grid impacts, metrology, dispatch of resources, and vehicle-infrastructure communication.

The cycle life of lithium-ion batteries was investigated using a modified USABC electric vehicle testing protocol designed to simulate the effect of a hybrid energy-storage system (ultracapacitor and battery) in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. A side-by-side comparison of battery capacity and impedance changes with and without the effect of the ultracapacitor was performed. Calendar-life degradation effects were corrected for using control cells. The battery’s rate of cycle-related capacity degradation decreased by a factor of 2 and rate of cycle-related impedance degradation, by a factor of 5.9 when exposed to the ultracapacitor-modified profile. The modified profile avoids exposure to regeneration energy and reduces maximum voltage of the battery.

With the increase in momentum in the transformation of the current grid to smart grid, there is an immediate need of proper standards in place for various distributed resources of energy. Electric vehicles are one such resource and have tremendous potential to play a part in the transformation of the grid and also to make the customers participate in clean technology initiatives. As with all new technologies, equipment, or processes, there is a requirement of body of standards that will govern the functioning of the electric vehicles and will also pave the way for easy assimilation into the fabric of consumer's lifestyle and vendors alike.

Electric vehicles, no doubt, will bring in many benefits to the economy and to the stakeholders concerned; however these will come at certain costs. Modern vehicles already have several intelligent electronic components, also known as electronic control units (ECU), which control several functionalities of the car and on top of that, with the introduction of the electric vehicles and in particular plug-in electric vehicles, a vehicle is no longer a vehicle, it is more of a network connected device. This paper therefore looks specifically at some of the security concerns that will emerge from plug-in electric vehicles charging and communicating to the utility and their potential impacts on the power grid as a whole.