Ultrasound imaging of the testis represents the standard-of-care initial imaging for the diagnosis of TGCT, whereas computed tomography (CT) plays an integral role in the initial accurate disease staging (organ-confined, regional lymph nodes, or sites of distant metastases), in monitoring the response to therapy in patients who initially present with non-confined disease, in planning surgical approaches for residual masses, in conducting follow-up surveillance and in determining the extent of recurrence in patients who relapse after treatment completion. CT imaging has also an important place in diagnosing complications of treatments. The aims of this article are to review these different roles of CT in primary TGCT and focus on different pitfalls that radiologists need to be aware of.

The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) has defined four vascular lesions in the central nervous system (CNS): arteriovenous malformations, cavernous angiomas (also known as cerebral cavernous malformations), venous malformations, and telangiectasias. From a retrospective central radiological and histopathological review of 202 CNS vascular lesions, we identified three cases of unclassified vascular lesions. Interestingly, they shared the same radiological and histopathological features evoking the cavernous subtype of angioleiomyomas described in the soft tissue. We grouped them together with four additional similar cases from our clinicopathological network and performed combined molecular analyses. In addition, cases were compared with a cohort of 5 soft tissue angioleiomyomas. Three out 6 CNS lesions presented the same p.Gly41Cys GJA4 mutation recently reported in hepatic hemangiomas and cutaneous venous malformations and found in 4/5 soft tissue angioleiomyomas of our cohort with available data. Most DNA methylation profiles were not classifiable using the CNS brain tumor (version 12.5), and sarcoma (version 12.2) classifiers. However, using unsupervised t-SNE analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, 5 of the 6 lesions grouped together and formed a distinct epigenetic group, separated from the clusters of soft tissue angioleiomyomas, other vascular tumors, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors and meningiomas. Our extensive literature review identified several cases similar to these lesions, with a wide variety of denominations. Based on radiological and histomolecular findings, we suggest the new terminology of "dural angioleiomyomas" (DALM) to designate these lesions characterized by a distinct DNA methylation pattern and frequent GJA4 mutations.

We aimed to review the clinical and biological presentation of granulomatosis associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with melanoma and to explore its association with classical sarcoidosis as well as with cancer response to ICI. To this end, a retrospective study on 18 melanoma patients with histologically proven ICI-induced granulomatosis over a 12-year period in a single center, as well as on 67 similar cases reported in the literature, was conducted. Results indicate ICI-induced granulomatosis is an early side effect (median time to onset: 2 months). Its clinical presentation, with predominant (90%) thoracic involvement, histopathological appearance and supposed underlying biology (involving the mTOR pathway in immune cells, Th17 polarization and TReg dysfunction) are indistinguishable from those of sarcoidosis. Moreover, it appears to be associated with ICI benefit (>65% objective response rate). Evolution is generally favorable, and symptomatic steroid treatment and/or ICI discontinuation are rarely necessary. ICI-associated granulomatosis is critical to explore for several reasons. Practically, it is essential to differentiate it from cancer progression. Secondly, this “experimental” sarcoidosis brings new elements that may help to address sarcoidosis origin and pathophysiology. Its association with ICI efficacy must be confirmed on a larger scale but could have significant impacts on patient management and biomarker definition.

L’International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) a défini quatre lésions vasculaires du système nerveux central (SNC) : malformations artério-veineuses, cavernomes, malformations veineuses et télangiectasies. À partir de la base de données du centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, nous avons effectué une relecture histopathologique des lésions vasculaires du SNC sur une période de 21 ans. Parmi 223 cas relus histologiquement, nous avons identifié cinq lésions (concernant 2 enfants et 3 adultes) avec des aspects histopathologiques (cavités vasculaires contiguës aux parois musculaires épaisses, Fig. 1) et radiologiques (lésion extra-durale spontanément dense, en hyposignal T1, hypersignal T2 Flair homogène, prenant le contraste de façon hétérogène, sans remaniements hémorragiques et sans dépôts d’hémosidérine, Fig. 2) similaires, correspondant à des angioléiomyomes duraux (DALM). L’« angioléiomyome » est une tumeur classiquement développée dans les tissus mous et dans la peau. La classification de l’OMS des tissus mous en distingue trois sous-types : solide, veineux et caverneux. Le sous-type caverneux est fréquemment confondu avec un authentique cavernome. Afin de clarifier la nosologie de cette lésion, nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature étendue des lésions vasculaires durales. Les critères diagnostiques décrits ci-dessus nous ont permis de trouver 73 cas analogues de DALM. Cette revue exhaustive de la littérature nous a permis de définir les caractéristiques radiologiques et histopathologiques de cette entité méconnue des neuropathologistes et des neuroradiologues. Les DALM montrent des aspects différents des cavernomes intraparenchymateux et constituent un diagnostic différentiel des lésions durales et en particulier des méningiomes. Elles sont toutes d’excellent pronostic avec un seul cas de récidive locale dans la littérature. En conclusion, les DALM sont des tumeurs vasculaires intracrâniennes rares et bénignes correspondant à une entité méconnue dont nous définissons les critères diagnostiques cliniques, radiologiques et histopathologiques au travers de la présentation de 5 cas et d’une revue de la littérature.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to analyze the feasibility and potential role of robotic-assisted transrectal MRI-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 57 patients (mean age, 67 ± 6 [SD] years; age range, 57-83 years; mean prostate-specific antigen level, 10.7 ± 6.1 ng/mL) with a single prostatic lesion visible on biparametric MRI (T2-weighted and DW images) underwent robotic-assisted MRI-guided transrectal biopsy. The procedure was analyzed in terms of technical success, defined by an accurate alignment of the needle guide with the lesion; occupation time of the MRI room; number of cores; cancer detection rate (CDR); and complications. RESULTS. The biparametric MRI score was 3, 4, and 5 in 11 (19%), 30 (53%), and 16 (28%) of the 57 patients, respectively. Twenty-three lesions (23/57, 40%) originated in the peripheral zone and 34 (34/57, 60%) in the transition zone. Software-based adjustments of the robot allowed the needle guide to be aligned with the target in all lesions. The number of cores was one, two, three, and four in one (2%), 36 (63%), 18 (32%), and three (5%) patients, respectively. Obtaining more than two cores had no incremental value in determining the Gleason score or the maximum cancer core length (MCCL). The overall CDR for any cancer was 67% (38/57). It was 95% (36/38) for tumors with Gleason grade of more than 3 or MCCL greater than 3 mm and 53% (20/38) for tumors with Gleason score greater than 6. No complications were observed. The median occupation time of the MRI room was 37.8 ± 9.7 minutes (range, 32-74 minutes). CONCLUSION. Robotic-assisted MRI-guided biopsy yields 100% technical success rate with a short MRI room occupation time and high CDRs using one or two cores.

To compare inter-reader concordance and accuracy of qualitative diffusion-weighted (DW) PIRADSv2.0 score with those of quantitative DW-MRI for the diagnosis of peripheral zone prostate cancer.