New Caledonia is a French territory in the South Pacific Ocean. While COVID-19 is expanding over the world, the situation on our island seems controlled with a total of 18 documented cases. We report the measures implemented on our island that probably helped contain the epidemic spread.

Background Radiation-induced leukoencephalopathy (RIL) is the most threatening delayed complication of cerebral radiotherapy (RT) and remains roughly defined by cognitive dysfunction associated with diffuse FLAIR MRI white matter hyperintensities after brain irradiation. We documented clinical, neuropsychological, and radiological aspects of RI in order to refine diagnostic criteria. Methods Patients referred to our center for deterioration in cognitive complaint at least 6 months after completing a focal or whole brain RT underwent a systematic cross-sectional assessment including clinical examination, neuropsychological tests, and a standardized MRI protocol. Patients with progressive tumor were excluded. Results Forty patients were prospectively enrolled. Of these, 26 had received a focal RT, median dose of 53 Gy (range 50 to 60), and 14 had received a whole brain RT, median dose of 30 Gy. Cognitive complaints, gait apraxia, and urinary troubles were reported in 100, 67, and 38% of cases, respectively. On neuropsychological examination, patients displayed a global and severe cognitive decline through a subcortical frontal mode. The cognitive changes observed were not hippocampic, but related to executive dysfunction. On MRI, 68% of the patients had extensive FLAIR hyperintensities with anterior predominance, 87% had brain atrophy, and 21% had intraparenchymal cysts. T2*-weighted MRI showed small asignal areas in 53% of the patients. These abnormalities are evocative of cerebral small vessel disease. Fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum correlated with the cognitive evaluation. No differentiation in terms of cognitive and MRI features could be made between patients treated with focal brain RT (glioma) and patients treated with WBRT (for brain metastases or PCNSL). Conclusions RIL can be defined by clinical symptoms (subcortical frontal decline, gait apraxia, urinary incontinence) and MRI criteria (cortico-subcortical atrophy, spread FLAIR HI, T2* asignals). This condition mimics a diffuse progressive cerebral small vessel disease triggered by RT, independent of RT protocol.

Lors de la récente épidémie d’Ebola en Afrique, le service de santé des armées a mis en place à Conakry, un centre de traitement des soignants guinéens suspects d’être atteints de la maladie à virus Ebola. Pour la première fois, des neurologues ont examiné les malades directement en zone rouge, découvrant des signes encéphalitiques. En reprenant l’étude de la littérature, il apparaissait que l’atteinte neurologique n’avait jamais été décrite spécifiquement. Dans le but d’aider au diagnostic clinique neurologique, une échelle rapide d’évaluation neuropsychologique a été développée. Les résultats ont été comparés à des sujets sains, permettant de valider l’intérêt d’une échelle « Ebola cognitive Scale ». L’ARN viral a par ailleurs été retrouvé dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien des malades avec signes neurologiques. Certains de nos patients séronégatifs, considérés comme guéris à la sortie du centre, présentaient pourtant à distance des troubles cognitifs et comportementaux en particulier. Afin de dépister au mieux d’éventuelles séquelles cognitives, nous avons testé, avec nos collègues de l’institut de recherche et de développement, l’Ebola Cognitive Scale sur une cohorte de patients guinéens survivants. À ce jour, 372 survivants ont été suivis. Plus de 200 ont bénéficié d’une évaluation cognitive comportant un finger tapping test, les séquences motrices de Luria, une épreuve de rappel différé de 4 mots, un test de calcul mental et une évaluation des fluences sémantiques, composant l’Ebola Cognitive Scale. Les résultats de ce suivi neurologique sont exposés ici. Ils montrent que les troubles cognitifs observés à la phase aiguë de la maladie perdurent chez certains patients plusieurs mois après la guérison. L’existence de séquelles cognitives à long terme de la maladie à virus Ebola éclaire les difficultés de réinsertion sociale et professionnelle que rapportent parfois les survivants.

Les manifestations neurologiques dans la maladie à virus Ebola sont rarement décrites dans la littérature. Les symptômes évocateurs d’atteinte neurologique centrale sont : un ralentissement idéomoteur, des crises comitiales, des comas. Ils peuvent être en lien soit avec une encéphalopathie, soit à une encéphalite du fait d’une neurotoxicité virale directe. Des atteintes plus focales sont également décrites, avec ataxie, dysarthrie, déficits moteurs, ou paresthésies mais aussi des tableaux d’allure « psychiatriques », dominés par des troubles du comportement et de l’humeur, avec irritabilité, comportement d’opposition. Lors de notre mission dans le Centre de traitements de soignants guinéens de mars à mai 2015, nous avons constaté ces troubles chez des patients ne présentant ni sepsis sévère, ni trouble ionique, ni défaillance d’organe, ni trouble psychiatrique. Afin d’apporter des arguments de preuves cliniques de cette atteinte neurologique d’allure frontale, nous avons réalisé chez 11 patients en phase aiguë de la maladie, une étude comprenant une batterie de tests simples et rapides, l’Ebola Cognitive Scale. La comparaison avec 43 témoins appariés a permis de confirmer l’atteinte cognitive de nos patients. Nos données prouvent par ailleurs la présence de l’ARN virale dans le liquide céphalorachidien des patients présentant des signes évocateurs d’encéphalite. Ce test constitue donc un nouvel outil diagnostic des signes encéphalitiques précoces de la maladie à virus Ebola. De manière exceptionnelle, nous avons réalisé chez l’un de nos malades, juste après sa séro-négativation, une IRM cranio-encéphalique retrouvant un aspect de vascularite cérébrale, évoquant une possible atteinte auto-immune post-infectieuse. Nous rapportons donc pour la première fois des éléments cliniques, biologiques et radiologiques en faveur d’une atteinte neurologique spécifique du virus Ebola sur le système nerveux central.

We report 77 cases of occupational exposures for 57 healthcare workers at the Ebola Treatment Center in Conakry, Guinea, during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in 2014−2015. Despite the high incidence of 3.5 occupational exposures/healthcare worker/year, only 18% of workers were at high risk for transmission, and no infections occurred.

Introduction: Headaches are a common reason for consultation with a prevalence of 30 percent. Few data exist for military personnel, including in situations of war operations. The main objective of this work was to measure the impact of headache in such a context with a monitoring of 18 to 24 months.Methods: This is a prospective observational study, conducted among personnel deployed in the Kaia9s military field hospital in Afghanistan between December 2011 and January 2013. The impact of headache was measured according to 2 scales of quality of life (MIDAS ; HIT-6), combined with a stress questionnaire. Data collection was done at 3 different times: before the start of the mission, at the end after 3 months, after 18-24 months of follow.Results: Among the 246 people involved, 115 took part in the 3 phases of the study. 59 subjects have suffered headache before departure. 44 patients had headache every time of the study, with a mean MIDAS score respectively at 10.4 ± 5.9 days initially, 0.9 ± 2.7 days upon return; 4.8 ± 9.8 days for 18-24 months (p= 0.015); HIT-6 score was respectively at 54.2 ± 10 points, 50.5 ± 8.3 and 51.8 ± 8.3 (p= 0.13). The mood profile was modified, these patients having appeared more angry at the return of the (p= 0.008). 15 patients showed no headache during or after the return of the mission. 9 patients developed headache during or after the mission: their HIT-6 score was lower (44.6 ± 10.8 points ; p= 0.064) compared to other patients with headache.Conclusion: This study suggests that the impact of headache is initially low during an external operation with an effect mission positive; this positive aspect disappears over the months, with a return to the initial level, without showing deleterious effect. Disclosure: Dr. Guilloton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Blanc has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bruneau has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trousselard has nothing to disclose. Dr. De Greslan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Drouet has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zagnoli has nothing to disclose.

Introduction: Headaches are a common reason for consultation with a prevalence of 30 percent. Few data exist for military personnel, including in situations of war operations. The main objective of this work was to measure the impact of headache in such a context with a monitoring of 18 to 24 months. Methods: This is a prospective observational study, conducted among personnel deployed in the Kaïa's military field hospital in Afghanistan between December 2011 and January 2013. The impact of headache was measured according to 2 scales of quality of life (MIDAS ; HIT-6), combined with a stress questionnaire. Data collection was done at 3 different times: before the start of the mission, at the end after 3 months, after 18-24 months of follow. Results: Among the 246 people involved, 115 took part in the 3 phases of the study. 59 subjects have suffered headache before departure. 44 patients had headache every time of the study, with a mean MIDAS score respectively at 10.4 ± 5.9 days initially, 0.9 ± 2.7 days upon return; 4.8 ± 9.8 days for 18-24 months (p= 0.015); HIT-6 score was respectively at 54.2 ± 10 points, 50.5 ± 8.3 and 51.8 ± 8.3 (p= 0.13). The mood profile was modified, these patients having appeared more "angry" at the return of the mission (p= 0.008). 15 patients showed no headache during or after the return of the mission. 9 patients developed headache during or after the mission: their HIT-6 score was lower (44.6 ± 10.8 points ; p= 0.064) compared to other patients with headache. Conclusion: This study suggests that the impact of headache is initially low during an external operation with an "effect mission" positive; this positive aspect disappears over the months, with a return to the initial level, without showing deleterious effect.

Introduction Les cephalees sont un motif frequent de consultation. Peu de donnees existent pour le personnel militaire, souvent expose au stress, a la fatigue, en situation de retour d’operations exterieures (OPEX). Objectifs L’objectif principal de ce travail a ete de mesurer l’evolution de l’impact des cephalees en operation au sein du personnel deploye au sein de l’HMC KAIA en Afghanistan, 18 a 24 mois apres leur retour de mission. Patients et methodes Il s’agit d’une etude observationnelle prospective, effectuee parmi les personnels deployes a l’HMC de KAIA entre decembre 2011 et janvier 2013. L’impact des cephalees a ete mesure en fonction de 2 echelles : le questionnaire MIDAS et le questionnaire HIT-6, associe a une evaluation de l’humeur au travers d’un questionnaire Profil of Mood State (POMS). Le recueil des donnees s’est fait a trois temps distincts : avant le depart en mission, au retour des 3 mois de mission et a 18–24 mois de la mission. Resultats Sur 246 personnels deployes, 115 ont participe aux 3 phases de l’etude. Avant le depart, 59 sujets souffraient de cephalees et 44 a chaque phase, avec un score MIDAS moyen de 5,9 j au depart, 0,9 j au retour, 4,8 j a 18–24 mois. Le score HIT-6 moyen etait de 54,2 au depart, 50,5 au retour, 51,8 a distance. Leur humeur etait plus en colere a distance de la mission. Neuf patients ont presente des cephalees de novo apres le retour avec un score HIT-6 moyen a 44,6. Quinze patients sont restes libres de cephalees. Discussion Il n’est pas observe d’impact pejoratif de l’OPEX sur le retentissement fonctionnel des cephalees. Au retour, l’impact est moindre avec une diminution du score MIDAS ; au final, les valeurs reviennent a leur niveau initial, sans pourtant temoigner d’un effet deletere. Le HIT-6 n’est pas modifie. Une alteration de l’humeur chez les militaires cephalalgiques est notee, avec un profil colerique pouvant interferer sur l’apparition des cephalees. Conclusion L’impact des cephalees dans un contexte de sejour sur un theâtre d’operations est reste faible : une amelioration transitoire du score MIDAS, non durable dans le temps et l’absence d’influence sur le score HIT-6 sont soulignees. Informations complementaires Remerciement au personnel du SSA ayant accepte de se plier a ce travail.

Ebola patients frequently exhibit behavioral modifications with ideation slowing and aggressiveness, sometimes contrasting with mild severity of Ebola disease. We performed lumbar punctures in 3 patients with this presentation and found Ebola virus in all cerebrospinal fluid samples. This discovery helps to discuss the concept of a specific Ebola virus encephalitis.

La carence en vitamine B1 est une urgence neurologique. Elle peut être responsable de lésions cérébrales irréversibles. Rare, elle se rencontre classiquement chez les patients alcooliques ou dénutris. Une patiente de 30 ans, enceinte de 14 SA est hospitalisée pour troubles visuels bilatéraux et troubles de la mémoire accompagnés de propos délirants. Elle présente depuis le début de sa grossesse des vomissements incoercibles avec perte de poids de 20 kg. La patiente avait présenté 48 heures auparavant un flou visuel de début brutal avec au fond d’œil des hémorragies pré papillaires bilatérales et une rétinopathie d’allure hypertensive. Par la suite, apparition de troubles de la mémoire récente, obnubilation, désorientation temporo-spatiale, propos incohérents et des troubles psychiatriques avec contact étrange et délire non systématisé avec hallucinations visuelles et auditives à thématique de mysticisme. L’IRM cérébrale met en évidence des hypersignaux Flair bithalamiques et en périphérie de l’aqueduc avec un aspect floconneux des thalami et baisse du coefficient de diffusion. La ponction lombaire est normale. Le bilan biologique retrouve une hypokaliémie à 3,2 mmol/L, une hypo-albuminémie à 28 g/L, des folates à 6,5 nmol/L et une vitamine B1 indosable. Le diagnostic d’encéphalopathie de Gayet-Wernicke est posé et la patiente traité par Vitaminothérapie intra veineuse. Les symptômes visuels et cognitifs s’améliorent rapidement. L’encéphalopathie de Gayet-Wernicke est décrite classiquement sous la triade syndrome confusionnel, troubles oculomoteurs et syndrome cérébelleux. La singularité de notre présentation tient à la présentation initiale ophtalmologique, secondaire à une atteinte rétinienne carentielle, et à la prédominance du syndrome délirant ayant nécessité l’utilisation de neuroleptiques. Peu de données son disponibles quant au développement cérébral du foetus. Il faut savoir évoquer une carence en vitamine B1 devant des symptômes neurologiques accompagnés de troubles visuels ou psychiatriques, chez un patient présentant un contexte de dénutrition.

TO THE EDITOR—We read with great interest the article of Barry et al, published in a previous issue of this journal. In this observational cohort study of Ebola patients, authors identified difficulty breathing as an independent predictor of death (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.75; P = .1) [1]. In the discussion, the authors postulate that difficulty breathing could be linked to parenteral rehydratation that could lead to edema in patients with respiratory disease. The authors did not provide data to support it. In our point of view, this hypothesis is not supported by local experience. Pulmonary edema may be favored both by vascular leakage syndrome and fluid replacement if it is massive. A case report of a healthcare worker who contracted Ebola infection in Sierra Leone and was airlifted to a German intensive care unit showed that pulmonary edema may occur late in the disease after massive rehydration [2]. In an Ebola treatment center, providing intensive care is very challenging due to the number of patients, heavy climatic condition, and lack of medical staff, which seriously limits the time spent at the patient’s bedside. Working in personal protective equipment is also a barrier in providing accurate care and may complicate vascular access in dehydrated patients. As a result, all of these factors limit seriously the crystalloid volume that could be perfused to Ebola patients. In a previously published study regarding the Donka center, it was described that the median crystalloid volume perfused to Ebola patients was 1 liter the first 24 hours, with interquartile range at 1–1. It means that 75% of patients received only 1 liter of crystalloid during the first 24 hours, which is not consistent with the occurrence of pulmonary edema [3].Moreover, we performed in our center systematic transthoracic echocardiography in 9 consecutives patients; we did not find elevated ventricular filling pressure in any patients, even in dyspneic patients. Difficulty breathing has been reported for years in Ebola patients. Previous studies described a “sine materia” dyspnea, suggesting that dyspnea could be the symptom of another organ dysfunction [4]. Others causes of dyspnea such as muscle weakness, encephalitis, and metabolic acidosis remain to be explored. Unfortunately, biological data are poor on the actual Ebola outbreak to describe objectively the organ dysfunctions. However, metabolic acidosis may be one of the key points in the Ebola infection course and has been reported in some patients [3]. It might be promoted by several factors such as bicarbonates loss during diarrhea, acute kidney injury, and lactic acidosis during the late shock phase. Finally, difficulty breathing in Ebola patients should probably be linked to metabolic disorders rather than pulmonary aggression. Paraclinical data are required to clearly identify the organ dysfunctions during Ebola virus disease.

Introduction : Headaches are a common reason for consultation with a prevalence of 30[percnt]. Few data exist for military personnel, including in situations of war operations. The main objective of this work was to measure the evolution of the impact of headache in such a context. Methods: 201 personnel deployed in the Kaïa's military field hospital in Afghanistan. Were recruited. One questionnaire for the recognition headache, supported by 2 scales of quality of life (MIDAS and HIT-6) and a stress questionnaire were filled before departure and upon return of the mission. Discussion: 63 patients with headache have been initially identified, of which 52 remained symptomatic during the mission. The average total score of MIDAS scale before departure was 4 days and was decreased back to 1,4 days, with a mean change measured 3.3 days. For HIT-6 scale, the mean total score was 51.2 points initially and 51.9 points at the end of the mission with a mean change of -0.3 points. 9 patients without headache initially became symptomatic: MIDAS and HIT-6 scales were not affected. Concusion: Thus, against all expectations, the impact of headache in the particular context of a stay in a theater of operations was low, with an "mission effect " positive. Improved MIDAS score and the lack of influence on the HIT-6 score are underlined.

BACKGROUNDThe pathogenesis of Ebola virus disease (EVD) remains unclear. The sporadic nature of Ebola outbreaks and their occurrence in resource-limited settings have precluded the acquisition of extensive clinical and laboratory data. Rhabdomyolysis during EVD has been suggested to occur in previous studies showing increased aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratios, but, to date, has not been confirmed with creatine kinase (CK) assays.METHODSWe performed an observational study of 38 patients admitted to an Ebola treatment center from January to April 2015. CK values from patients with confirmed EVD were compared with those in patients without confirmed EVD. A panel of other analyses were also performed. In patients with EVD, characteristics were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors.RESULTSHigh levels of CK were more frequent in patients with EVD than in those without (P = .002), and rhabdomyolysis was more frequent (59% vs 19%, respectively; P = .03). CK levels >5000 U/L were observed in 36% of patients with EVD. Also in patients with EVD, fatal outcome was significantly associated with higher creatinine and bilirubin levels, international normalized ratio, and viral load.CONCLUSIONSRhabdomyolysis is a frequent disorder in EVD and seems to be more common than in other viral infections. It may contribute to the renal failure observed in nonsurviving patients. More studies are needed to determine the impact of rhabdomyolysis on EVD outcome.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) is a common, potentially severe and dose-limiting adverse effect; however, it is poorly investigated at an early stage due to the lack of a simple assessment tool. As sweat glands are innervated by small autonomic C-fibers, sudomotor function testing has been suggested for early screening of peripheral neuropathy. This study aimed to evaluate Sudoscan, a non-invasive and quantitative method to assess sudomotor function, in the detection and follow-up of CIPN. Eighty-eight patients receiving at least two infusions of Oxaliplatin only (45.4%), Paclitaxel only (14.8%), another drug only (28.4%) or two drugs (11.4%) were enrolled in the study. At each chemotherapy infusion the accumulated dose of chemotherapy was calculated and the Total Neuropathy Score clinical version (TNSc) was carried out. Small fiber neuropathy was assessed using Sudoscan (a 3-min test). The device measures the Electrochemical Skin Conductance (ESC) of the hands and feet expressed in microSiemens (µS). For patients receiving Oxaliplatin mean hands ESC changed from 73 ± 2 to 63 ± 2 and feet ESC from 77 ± 2 to 66 ± 3 µS (p < 0.001) while TNSc changed from 2.9 ± 0.5 to 4.3 ± 0.4. Similar results were observed in patients receiving Paclitaxel or another neurotoxic chemotherapy. During the follow-up, ESC values of both hands and feet with a corresponding TNSc < 2 were 70 ± 2 and 73 ± 2 µS respectively while they were 59 ± 1.4 and 64 ± 1.5 µS with a corresponding TNSc ≥ 6 (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0003 respectively). This preliminary study suggests that small fiber neuropathy could be screened and followed using Sudoscan in patients receiving chemotherapy.

Malgré les progrès dans la prise en charge initiale du glioblastome (GB), la grande majorité des patients présenteront une récidive dans les deux à trois ans. Le traitement médical de ces récidives est en train d'être modifié par l'utilisation des traitements anti-angiogéniques. Vingt-quatre patients présentant un GB récidivant après radiochimiothérapie concomitante puis adjuvante par témozolomide ont été traités à Rennes par une chimiothérapie conventionnelle (nitrosourée) ou par l'association d'irinotécan et de bévacizumab. Dans cette analyse rétrospective, la survie globale à partir du diagnostic de récidive était significativement plus longue chez les patients traités par l'association irinotécan et bévacizumab que par chimiothérapie conventionnelle (cinq mois versus 11,5 mois). L'association d'irinotécan et de bévacizumab a semblé apporter un bénéfice clinique aux patients présentant un GB en récidive.Despite progress in the initial management of glioblastoma (GB), the vast majority of patients will experience recurrence within 2-3 years. The medical treatment of these recurrences is being modified by the use of antiangiogenic therapies. Twenty-four patients, who relapsed from GB after chemoradiation followed by adjuvant temozolomide in Rennes, were treated by conventional chemotherapy (nitrosourea) or by the combination of irinotecan and bevacizumab. In this retrospective analysis, overall survival from diagnosis of recurrence was significantly longer in patients treated with the combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan than with nitrosourea (5 months versus 11,5 months). The combination of irinotecan and bevacizumab appeared to provide clinical benefit to patients with recurrent GB.

While suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) plays a crucial role in suppressing dysplasia and tumorigenesis, it also offers a typical instance of DNA methylation in the regulation of gene transcription, since the promoter region of the SOCS3 gene is rich in CpG islands (CGIs). During liver regeneration initiated by partial hepatectomy, SOCS3 acts as a suppressor to balance the acute-phase response and terminate the regeneration. This study aimed to determine whether the variation of SOCS3 expression throughout liver regeneration is also regulated by its DNA methylation.We established a 70% partial hepatectomy mouse model and the animals were sacrificed at indicated times to assess the SOCS3 expression. We performed bisulfite sequencing PCR and DNA sequencing to investigate the detailed cytosine methylation in the SOCS3 gene.Within the promoter sequence, 58 CGIs were identified and 30 were found variously methylated before or after operation; however, methylation remained at a very low level. No evidence indicated that the total methylation level or the methylation of any CpG site regularly changed throughout liver regeneration.DNA methylation or demethylation seems to be a relatively stable modification of cytosine, but not a dynamic and reversible process to regulate gene transcription in daily and acute pathophysiological events.

Les troubles mnésiques, plus particulièrement ceux de la mémoire épisodique verbale (MEV), constituent un motif fréquent de plainte cognitive chez les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques (SEP). Outre la gêne occasionnée dans la vie quotidienne, ces troubles peuvent avoir un impact sur les activités professionnelles. L'évaluation neuropsychologique des patients doit donc comporter des tests explorant la MEV, de façon à décrire le degré d'atteinte des différents processus cognitifs contribuant à la MEV et, le cas échéant, pouvoir proposer des stratégies rééducatives adaptées. L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une revue critique de la littérature portant sur les capacités de MEV dans la SEP. Cette revue permettra de présenter les références conceptuelles et les caractéristiques psychométriques des principaux tests de MEV appliqués dans cette pathologie (épreuves isolées ou intégrées à des batteries cognitives plus globales développées pour la SEP). Dans un second temps, nous proposons un inventaire, par processus cognitifs, des travaux réalisés dans cette affection. Cette approche permettra d'aborder les limites de chaque conception et les éventuelles ambiguïtés terminologiques. Les contributions de ces travaux aux connaissances sur les troubles mnésiques de la SEP seront précisées, ainsi que l'impact des caractéristiques de la maladie (formes de SEP, durée d'évolution, EDSS).Memory impairment, especially verbal episodic memory (VEM), represents a common ground for cognitive complaint in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Beyond the difficulty caused in daily life, these deficits may impact on occupational activities. Neuropsychological assessment of these patients has to include VEM tests, to describe the level of dysfunction of the different processes contributing to VEM and, if required, to guide adapted cognitive rehabilitation. The objective of the present paper is to propose a critique review of the literature on VEM abilities in MS. This review will present the conceptual references and the psychometric characteristics of the main VEM tests applied in MS (isolated tests or included within more general batteries developed specifically for MS). In a second phase, we propose an inventory of work on MS presented as a function of the cognitive processes involved. This approach provides an approach to the limitations of each conception and possible terminological ambiguities. Contributions to knowledge of MS memory impairments will be clarified, as well as the impact of the disease characteristics (MS forms, disease duration, EDSS).