This study introduces a novel technology for continuous vanadium precipitation, aiming to resolve issues such as poor stack density, small particle size, and irregular morphology of ammonium polyvanadate in traditional intermittent processes. In this research, we optimized the process parameters for continuous vanadium precipitation and investigated the mechanism of continuous ammonium polyvanadate crystallization using the focused beam reflectometer measurement. Results showed that small, flaky ammonium polyvanadate particles initially formed between 0 and 12 min. These particles subsequently interlayered and aggregated, resulting in larger particles from 13 to 23 min. By 24 to 60 min, a dynamic equilibrium was reached in crystal growth, aggregation, de-embedding, and fragmentation. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that increasing the reaction temperature shifted crystal growth from surface reaction control to diffusion control. At higher temperatures, explosive nucleation of ammonium polyvanadate, crystal fragmentation, and dissolution occurred. By integrating the crystallization mechanism, we produced dense ellipsoidal ammonium polyvanadate particles with a stacking density of 0.772 g/cm3 and an average size of 107.04 mu m under optimal conditions, achieving a vanadium precipitation rate exceeding 99.0%. Simulation results confirmed that the deflector tube baffle crystallizer enabled continuous crystallization of ammonium polyvanadate, ensuring an average residence time of over 10 min for particles of 50 and 100 mu m, facilitating their growth to at least 100 mu m. This research provides data and theoretical support for the industrial application of continuous vanadium precipitation.

The application of wet-process phosphoric acid in fertilizer is limited due to the excessive Fe 3+ concentration. In this paper, a fundamental investigation on the removal of Fe 3+ from phosphoric acid with P-15 extractant is conducted. First, effects of several parameters on the extraction rate such as extraction temperature, P-15 concentration, phase ratio O/A on Fe 3+ extraction are carefully investigated. The composition of the extract was verified by slope method and saturation capacity method. Then, the kinetic and control mechanism of the extraction reaction is studied by constant interface cell. The extraction reaction rate equation was obtained by the initial rate method. The calculated activation energy of overall reaction is 15.4 kJmol - 1 and the change of enthalpy triangle H = -4.19 kJmol - 1 of Fe 3+ is measured by automatic calorimeter.

在低温制备的SnO2电子传输层(ETLs)和钙钛矿层之间插入KI插层,制备平面钙钛矿太阳电池;研究KI插层对SnO2 ETLs/钙钛矿吸收层界面的修饰作用及其对钙钛矿薄膜性质和器件性能的影响.研究结果表明,KI插层可促进钙钛矿薄膜的晶粒生长,并提升ETLs/钙钛矿层的界面载流子输运效率;虽然添加KI插层后引入的寄生吸收会造成电池短路电流(Jsc)略微降低,但也会显著提升开路电压(Voc)和填充因子(FF),从而使得刚性器件和柔性器件的光电转换效率均得到明显提高,刚性和柔性钙钛矿太阳电池的平均光电转换效分别从17.71％和14.52％提升到18.64％和17.46％.