Mining activities often homogenize community structures and reduce species richness, making ecological degradation and restoration in mining areas urgent concerns. This study investigated the effects of different plants on metal accumulation and chemical forms. Ryegrass, creeping bentgrass, and bermudagrass were selected as pioneer plants for restoring metal-contaminated mining sites because of their high drought tolerance. Under normal conditions, bermudagrass accumulated robust biomass, and drought stress significantly inhibited its growth. Ryegrass demonstrated a comprehensive metal resistance index of 0.93, indicating strong overall tolerance. All three plant species demonstrated strong zinc (Zn) enrichment capabilities. However, only ryegrass exhibited a high cadmium (Cd) accumulation under both drought and normal conditions. All three plants contributed to the reduced bioavailability of Zn and lead in the soil; however, only bermudagrass significantly influenced the chemical forms of Cd. From a restoration perspective, metal removal rates were generally higher under normal conditions than under drought conditions. Ryegrass showed the highest efficacy in reducing the soil metal content, achieving a Cd removal rate of up to 20

ABSTRACTSDissolved organic matter (DOM) has different functions that affect the absorption and resolution behavior of soil Cd. We investigated two exogenous DOM (pig manure and rice straw) in soils, analyzed their structural features, and explored their effect on Cd behavior in soil. Our results showed that the two exogenous DOM contain similar functional groups, including carboxylic acids, alcohols, alkanes, phenols, and polysaccharides. The molecular weight of DOM in F2 to F4 (3 kD-30 kD) have the effect of activating and migration of Cd. Pot and field experiments demonstrate that DOM from pig manure is more effective in enhancing soil Cd adsorption and reduces the exchangeable Cd in soil during the seedling stage of rice. Under the treatment of pig manure and straw, the Cd in the roots, stems and leaves of rice decreased by 14%, 11%, 10%, and 8%, 14%, 10%, respectively. It indicates that pig manure application reduces Cd accumulation in rice roots, and straw application reduces it in rice stems. Overall, after applying pig manure and rice straw, Cd concentration in rice grains decreased by 36% and 17%, respectively. This study is conducive to a further understanding the behavior and morphological changes of Cd in paddy soil.

Heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem that threaten agricultural production and human health. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a phytohormone that could enhance plant resistance against various stresses. However, the mechanism of MeJA in cadmium (Cd) uptake, distribution, and translocation in rice plants remains elusive. In this study, we found that the Cd induced-growth inhibition was ameliorated by MeJA. Upon MeJA application, Cd content in root and shoot was decreased by 10.15% and 36.39%, which paralleled with less Cd2+ influx of rice roots and depressed expression of the cation transporters (OsNramp1 and OsNramp5). The subcellular distribution revealed that MeJA enriched Cd distribution in cell wall, which was accompanied by increased cell wall thickness and altered cell wall polysaccharide (pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose) content, meanwhile, the Cd content in pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose was increased, the FTIR analysis implied that functional groups (especially -OH and COO-) on cell wall were involved in Cd fixation. The root to shoot translocation of Cd was hindered by exogenous MeJA, this was validated by the decreased expression of OsHMA2 in root and declined Cd level in xylem sap. Overall, our results revealed that MeJA could act as a foliar resistance control substance to reduce Cd accumulation in rice plants. The detailed molecular mechanisms of MeJA in Cd detoxification in plants still need further investigation.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a signal molecule, plays an essential role in growth, development and defense responses in various plants. However, its role in ryegrass in the response to salt (NaCl) and/or cadmium (Cd) stress remains poorly understood. In this study, the role of exogenous MeJA in alleviating NaCl and Cd-induced toxicity in ryegrass was investigated. According to the results, MeJA application increased the shoot dry weight in NaCl, Cd, Cd + NaCl stressed ryegrass by 5.66

This study investigated the effects of phytic acid modified biochar (PBC) and original biochar (WBC) on the chemical speciation transformation of Pb, Zn and Cd in both acidic soil (GS) and alkaline soil (FS). The incubation experiment of biochars and soils were conducted up to 30 d. The results showed that the addition of biochars to soils can influence the properties of soils, such as soil pH, organic matter and morphology of iron and manganese oxides. WBC raised the pH of both soils by a maximum of 1.13, while PBC lowered the pH of both GS and FS by up to 1.97. Consequently, the availability and speciation distribution of heavy metals in soil with biochar changed. Both WBC and PBC can decrease the availability of Pb, Zn and Cd in GS, while only PBC700 (pyrolyzed at 700 ℃) decreased the availability of Pb in FS, maximally by 18.8

Heavy metal pollution affects the stability of soil ecosystem causes food safety problems and human health risks. Thus, effective heavy metal remediation technologies are urgently needed. In this study, the removal ability and mechanism of Leclercia adecarboxylata H25 (H25) and Enterobacter cloacae J1 (J1) against Pb and Cd was investigated, and the remediation effects of Pb, Cd co-contaminated soil with H25/J1 and maize straw biochar was explored. The SEM-EDS and XRD indicated the formation of metal precipitates on bacterial surface after Pb/Cd exposure. FTIR analysis showed that functional groups (C=O, N-H, -PO4 etc.) on cell surface were involved in heavy metal removal. Application of H25/J1 individually or together with biochar declined the acid-extractable fraction while enriching the residual fraction of Pb, Cd in soil. This was accompanied by the decreased bioavailability of metal elements and increased soil urease, catalase, and sucrase activity. Meanwhile, application of bacteria and biochar enhanced biomass accumulation and depressed the heavy metal accumulation of pakchoi plants. The BC+H25 treatment decreased Pb and Cd accumulation in pakchoi by 51.41% and 25.97%, respectively. BC+J1 treatment depressed the Pb and Cd accumulation by 49.56% and 24.47%, respectively. Overall, the bacterial strains H25 and J1 could be used for in situ remediation of Pb and Cd polluted soil, and synergistic effects could be obtained when apply H25/J1 in combination with maize straw biochar. This study provides a way for treatment of environmental sites contaminated with heavy metals.

Cell wall polysaccharides play a vital role in cadmium(II) (Cd(II)) sequestration in plants, yet the molecular mechanisms governing Cd(II) adsorption and the associated transcriptional networks remain unclear. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Cd(II) stress elevated root pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents by 3.41-, 2.79- and 1.11-fold, respectively, enhancing cell wall Cd(II) fixation. Transcriptomics identified 1147/868 (roots) and 632/562 (leaves) up/down-regulated genes. Key transcription factors (WRKY, MYB, bHLH) orchestrated cell wall biosynthesis enzymes (e.g., pectin methylesterase, cellulose synthase, UDP-glycosyltransferase), driving polysaccharide deposition and cell wall thickening. Cd(II) adsorption by polysaccharide components followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms, involving -OH, CO, and C-O-C functional groups. These findings reveal a coordinated regulatory network mediated by transcription factors, which enhances cell wall biosynthesis for Cd(II) tolerance in tomato.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental risk worldwide. Environmental-friendly strategies for heavy metal remediation are urgently needed. In this study, the bacterial consortium BR7 was constructed using heavy metal immobilizing bacteria Priestia megaterium B2 and Enterobacter sp. B57. The B2, B57 and BR7 (B2:B57 = 3:2) were immobilized on rice husk biochar (BC)/phosphorus‑modified biochar (PBC) and their effects on remediation of Pb, Cd co-contaminated soil were evaluated. Immobilization increased bacteria viability in heavy metal polluted soil. Addition of bacteria, BC/PBC, and the immobilized bacteria in soil reduced the DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb by 20.00

Sulfur (S), an indispensable plant nutrient and a recognized amendment for ecosystem restoration, which holds promise in the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. This study aims to unravel the impacts of elemental sulfur (ES) and sodium sulfate (SS) on soil properties, Cd bioavailability, and their interplay with tomato seedling growth in Cd-contaminated soil. The added concentration of ES or SS was 100 and 200 mg S·kg− 1 soil and incubated for 7 d with the soil. The tomato seeds germinated and growth for 21 d in vermiculite, then transferred to different soil growth for 30 or 60 d, during which Cd accumulation and soil properties were monitored. Treatment with ES and SS significantly promoted the growth of seedlings, with SS showing a stronger effect. Cd content were decreased by two concentrations of ES and SS in the root and shoot. Plant uptake factor (PUF) and transportation factor (TF) of Cd also significantly reduced by S, with 100 mg S·kg− 1 treatment being the most effective. Additionally, two forms of S increased soil organic matter (SOM) and NO3−-N, decrease NH4+-N, available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK), while affecting soil enzyme activity. The addition of S obviously decreased the proportion of acid-extractable Cd (Aci-Cd) and increased the proportion of residual Cd (Res-Cd), the contents of DTPA-Cd were reduced with different treatments, effectively prevented Cd from entering the plants. In Cd-contaminated soils, S acts as a potent soil conditioner, fostering plant growth by curbing Cd availability. This finding holds profound implications for the secure cultivation of crops in Cd-contaminated environments, showcasing the multifaceted role of S in mitigating the deleterious effects of HMs contamination.

Using biological methods to improve saline soils is recognized as an eco-friendly and sustainable way. In this study, two indigenous algae YJ-1 and YJ-2 screened from salinized farmland were inoculated into saline soils with different salinization levels to investigate their potential in enhancing soil health by laboratory microcosm experiment. The results showed that individual inoculation of the two algae quickly resulted in the formation of algal crusts, and the chlorophyll content in the saline soils gradually increased with the incubation time. The soil pH decreased significantly from the initial 8.15–9.45 to 6.97–7.56 after 60-day incubation. The exopolysaccharides secretion and the activities of catalase, sucrase, and urease in saline soils also increased. Microalgal inoculation increased soil organic matter storage, while decreasing the available nutrient contents possibly due to the depletion of microalgal growth. PCA and PCC results identified that microalgal biomass as the predominant variable affecting soil quality. Overall, these data revealed the great potential of microalgae in the amelioration of saline soils, especially in pH reduction and enzyme activity enhancement. This study will provide the theoretical foundation for improving saline soils via algalization.

This study aimed to investigate the residual levels of representative organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides (chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) in agricultural soils and crops in Shaanxi Province, and to reveal their accumulation characteristics and regional distribution characteristics in crops. The study was conducted using 115 soils and crops samples from typical agricultural areas in Shaanxi Province. The pesticide residues were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The crops were analyzed based on the residue characteristics of fruits, vegetables, and field crops. Additionally, the pesticide residues in crops from the Guanzhong area (central part of Shaanxi), northern Shaanxi, and southern Shaanxi regions were analyzed. A correlation analysis was conducted to examine the influencing factors of pesticide residues in soil-crops, considering the physical and chemical properties of the soil in Shaanxi Province. The results indicate that there are differences in the detection rates and residual concentrations of different pesticides in soil. In the Guanzhong area, the pesticide residual levels in crops follow the trend of chlorpyrifos > deltamethrin > lambda-cyhalothrin > cypermethrin, with relatively high pesticide residues found in corn. In northern Shaanxi, the overall pesticide residual levels in crops show a trend of chlorpyrifos > deltamethrin > cypermethrin > lambda-cyhalothrin. In southern Shaanxi, all the pesticides were detected to varying degrees in crops, with chlorpyrifos showing the highest residual levels. All four pesticides were detected in the soils of the study area and the enrichment capacity of different crops varied greatly. Pesticide enrichment is not only affected by temperature and climate conditions in different regions, but soil organic matter, pH, and CEC also have a significant effect on the enrichment of pesticides by crops.

Studying the response of physiological and xylem anatomical traits under cadmium stress is helpful to understand plants' response to heavy metal stress. Here, seedlings of Pinus thunbergii Parl. were treated with 50, 100 and 150 mg kg-1 Cd2+ for 28 days. Cadmium and nonstructural carbohydrate content of leaves, stems and roots, root Cd2+ flux, cadmium distribution pattern in stem xylem and phloem, stem xylem hydraulic traits, cell wall component fractions of stems and roots, phytohormonal content such as abscisic acid, gibberellic acid 3, molecule -indole-3-acetic acid, and jasmonic acid from both leaves and roots, as well as xylem anatomical traits from both stems and roots were measured. Root Cd2+ flux increased from 50 to 100 mmol L-1 Cd2+ stress, however it decreased at 150 mmol L-1 Cd2+. Cellulose and hemicellulose in leaves, stems and roots did not change significantly under cadmium stress, while pectin decreased significantly. The nonstructural carbohydrate content of both leaves and stems showed significant changes under cadmium stress while the root nonstructural carbohydrate content was not affected. In both leaves and roots, the abscisic acid content significantly increased under cadmium stress, while the gibberellic acid 3, indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid methylester content significantly decreased. Both xylem specific hydraulic conductivity and xylem water potential decreased with cadmium stress, however tracheid diameter and double wall thickness of the stems and roots were not affected. High cadmium intensity was found in both the stem xylem and phloem in all cadmium stressed treatments. Our study highlighted the in situ observation of cadmium distribution in both the xylem and phloem, and demonstrated the instant response of physiological traits such as xylem water potential, xylem specific hydraulic conductivity, root Cd2+ flux, nonstructural carbohydrate content, as well as phytohormonal content under cadmium stress, and the less affected traits such as xylem anatomical traits, cellulose and hemicellulose.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) plays a vital role in plant tolerance against various abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, the function and mechanism of MeJA in drought resistance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were investigated. The results revealed that MeJA significantly enhanced plant growth, the shoot dry mass of alfalfa and ryegrass increased by 17.01

Desertification is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In this study, a long-term field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feldspathic sandstone on remediation of sandy soil. The results indicated that feldspathic sandstone addition increased the soil moisture, available N, P, K content, organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity of the sandy soil. The microbial biomass carbon increased 130.12%, 135.45%, and 120.34% in the compound soil with the feldspathic sandstone and sand mass ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, respectively, and the microbial biomass nitrogen increased 102.38%, 107.45%, and 81.69%, respectively. Meanwhile, soil urease, catalase and surface activity were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). Illumina sequencing revealed the differences of bacterial community structure between compound soil and sandy soil. The Acidobacteriota was more abundant in sandy soil while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were more abundant in compound soil. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are involved in nutrient cycling and plant residues degradation, respectively. Their enrichment is beneficial for soil quality improvement. Redundancy analysis indicated that available N, K, organic matter and soil moisture content are key factors that involved in the assembly of bacterial community. Overall, adding feldspathic sandstone into sandy soil improved soil physiochemical properties, enhanced soil microbial activity and optimized the bacterial community, which would ultimately improve the quality and ecological function of the sandy soil.

Metal-loaded biochar (BC) catalytic systems are widely used for the removal of organic pollutants. However, there is still a lack of relevant research on the impact of different preparation conditions on the performance of synthetic materials. In the present research, CuO and Fe2O3 were loaded on the surface of Ginkgo biloba BC by a hydrothermal method and a chemical co-precipitation method to prepare carbon-based metal catalytic materials. Bisphenol A (BPA) was selected as the target pollutant to study the activation effect of the metal-loaded BC to persulfate (PS). The results showed that the catalytic performance of the CuO/BC materials was better than that of Fe2O3/BC and Fe2O3/CuO/BC. By exploring the influence of the preparation process on the catalytic performance, it can be obtained that the optimal calcination temperature was 350 degrees C and the optimal loading ratio was 2.5:1(w/w) for CuO/BC materials. The CuO/BC prepared under this condition could remove 81.5% of BPA within 60 min. The research results are beneficial to promote the efficient utilization of metal-loaded BC in the field of organic pollutant removal.

Biochar is an attractive and environmental friendly heavy metal sorbent, but is full-scale application is usually restricted by the limited sorption sites and surface area. Phosphate groups could strongly complex with heavy metal ions. Therefore, in the present study, phytic acid (PA) modified biochar (P-WBC) was prepared via the hydrolysis carbonization of wheat straw and PA at 300 °C and 700 °C. After PA modification, the specific surface areas of P-WBC300 and P-WBC700 were 278.2 m2 g−1 and 457.6 m2 g−1, respectively, which was 161.5–278.0 times than that of the unmodified wheat straw biochar (WBC). Besides, the micropore structure, P content and ash content of the P-WBC300 or P-WBC700 were also higher than those of WBC300 or WBC700. The higher P content confirmed that P-containing groups were successfully introduced to the surface of WBC. Consequently, the removal of Pb2+and Cd2+ was enhanced by the increased phosphorous groups and specific surface area of P-WBC. FTIR and XPS analysis indicated that the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in aqueous solution by P-WBC is mainly through complexation with functional groups and electrostatic attraction. This study might provide a feasible way for the development of ideal biochar-derived sorbents for heavy metal remediation. • Phytic acid modified wheat straw biochar (P-WBC) were produced • P-WBC had a larger specific surface area and more micropores than the unmodified biochar (WBC) • P-WBC exhibited better Pb2+ and Cd2+ removal efficiency in aqueous solution • The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by biochar well fitted with the Freundlich model and the Langmuir model • The adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in by P-WBC was mainly through complexation and electrostatic attraction

提出为了减少在动态场景下由于认知负荷过载引起的人机交互效率低下、用户体验差的问题，构建一种面向多任务交互的智能产品用户认知负荷体验匹配模型，评估动态场景下认知负荷与交互任务、用户体验之间的关系。考虑场景变化对用户需求的动态影响，首先结合问卷分析了解用户高频率、高注意力、长时间交互的任务，结合出声思维方法梳理不同场景下的用户体验地图实现各场景下任务与体验、痛点的可视化映射，再通过主观负荷评估技术（Subjective workload assessment technique, SWAT）分析不同场景下各交互任务的认知负荷量化指标，将用户体验与认知负荷指标进行匹配，筛选出由于认知负荷过载引起的用户体验较差的任务与场景。运用认知负荷理论进行交互设计优化，并提出动态场景下的解决方案，运用模糊KANO模型展开动态场景下的功能需求满意度分析，确定功能需求优先度层级。以智能骑行产品为对象，设计产品功能造型及交互界面并进行满意度测试，验证以上方法的可用性与有效性，为展开动态场景的智能产品交互设计提供参考。

Heavy metal pollution of soil has become a public concern worldwide since it threats food safety and human health. Sustainable and environmental-friendly remediation technology is urgently needed. Therefore, we investigated the properties and heavy metal removal ability of Enterobacter asburiae G3 (G3), Enterobacter tabaci I12 (I12), and explored the feasibility of remediation Cd, Pb co-contaminated soil by the combination of G3/I12 and biochar. Our results indicated that both strains are highly resistant to Cd, Pb and maintain plant growth-promoting properties. The removal efficiency of G3 for Cd and Pb were 76.79–99.43

The irrational use of pesticides has raised a negative influence on the environment and food security. Therefore, it is imperative to comprehend the current status of pesticide residues in the soil for agricultural production and their impact on the ecological environment. The effect of the main pesticides accounted for soil contamination (such as chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) were studied in 115 representative soil samples (collected from a greenhouse and agricultural field, in Shaanxi, China). The avoidance test of earthworms to soil with studied pesticide was studied. Among them, chlorpyrifos has the highest residue concentration in the soil. Distinct geographical areas and types of land usage had different pesticide distributions. The detection rates of deltamethrin in Guanzhong were higher in greenhouses than in fields. The results manifested that the detection rates of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in greenhouses were higher in northern and southern Shaanxi. In addition, the concentration levels of pesticides in different soils are as follows: field soil > orchard soil > vegetable soil, and the concentration of chlorpyrifos was much higher in comparison to other pesticides. The results of the earthworm toxicity experiments showed that the soil treatments with the addition of pesticides caused toxic reactions in earthworms as compared to control treatments (without pesticide application). The earthworms exposed to toxic conditions showed morphological changes in their epidermis. Significant avoidance behavior was observed by earthworms, with avoidance rates exceeding 55%. The research results revealed the residual amounts of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in Shaanxi Province and their effects on the morphology and behavior of soil animals, providing a reference for pesticide application and control in the study area.

To remove the serious contamination caused by tetracycline hydrochloride, this paper uses the method of impregnation followed by pyrolysis to prepare ferromanganese-loaded sludge-based biochar and investigate its effectiveness in removing tetracycline hydrochloride. The material was characterized by field emission SEM, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The possible reaction mechanisms involved in the removal of tetracycline were deduced based on the determination of Mn2+ during the reaction process and XPS characterization of materials before and after the reaction, and analysis of degradation intermediates and reaction pathways during tetracycline hydrochloride degradation was discussed. The results showed that the highest removal rate of 90.71% was achieved at a Fe-to-Mn ratio of 2:1 for the Fe-to-Mn-loaded sludge-based biochar. XPS characterization before and after the reaction showed that the valence state of Fe did not change significantly and was stable, while Mn4+ partially changed to Mn2+ and a redox reaction occurred. The changes in Mn2+ concentration during the reaction showed that the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride was mainly dominated by MnO2. The LC-MS analysis revealed eight intermediates in the degradation of tetracycline, and two possible reaction pathways existed.