The paper discusses the psychological and pedagogical aspects of the process of professional competence development of technical university students, associated with the increase in the requirements of employers to the portfolio of professional competencies of modern specialists. The authors discuss the problem of improving teaching methods and techniques; modernization of organizational forms and educational and methodological support for the professional competence development of technical university students on the example of the Heat and Power faculty of SamSTU. The paper stimulates a discussion about professional competencies, active and interactive teaching methods aimed at developing the ability of technical university students for self-development and self-study in order to effectively implement possible scenarios for their professional development trajectory. The aim of the study is to develop methodological recommendations to enhance the professional competence of students of the Heat and Power Faculty of Samara State Technical University, involving the use of modern educational approaches and improving the methodology for individualizing education at a technical university. The results of the study are achieved by solving the following tasks: conducting expert surveys (respondents: teachers and university students) to determine the most effective teaching methods; creating methodological materials. This study was carried out in several stages. Tasks of the theoretical stage include the analysis of the psychological and pedagogical aspects of the implementation of methods and organizational forms that ensure the effective formation of professional competence of students of a technical university. Tasks of the diagnostic stage of the study are conducting a questionnaire survey of students in order to assess the importance of the competencies necessary for successful professional activity; conducting a questionnaire survey of students and an expert survey of teachers in order to assess the significance of methods, methodological support and organizational forms of education at a technical university. The paper presents the results of surveys of students of the Heat and Power Faculty of Samara State Technical University and university teachers (2021-2023). The respondents of the expert survey were students of the advanced training program Management of the educational process: psychological and pedagogical competence of a technical university teacher and the retraining program Teacher of higher education of SamSTU Institute of Extended Education. The following methods were used in the study: expert survey, observation, questioning. The perspective of the research is the modernization of the methodology of individualization of education and educational and methodological support for the professional competence development of technical university students.

Abstract Based on thermal profiling of the cylinder of a high pressure cylinder (HPC) of T–100–130 stream turbine detailed researched has been performed to study its temperature conditions during startup. Using experimental data about the temperature condition of an external surface of the cylinder, by way of solving the inverse problem of heat conductivity the average heat transfer coefficients have been determined during the period of startup on its internal surface (on the steam side). At the same time, approximated analytical solution of the heat conductivity problem has been applied for the cylinder’s two-layered insulation (thermal insulation – metal wall). Using the data of experimental and theoretical research thermal stresses have been identified in the cylinder wall, as well as the stresses due to the effect of steam pressure forces. It has been shown that in certain profiles of the turbine cylinder stresses are able to exceed the ultimate stress limit for that material. Using experimental data about the changes in certain parameters (temperature differential for the top- and bottom sections of the cylinder, differential in the shaft- and cylinder extension, vibration indicators, etc.) a theoretical method has been developed for forecasting their changes during a certain time interval as measured from the time of current measurement.

An approximate analytical solution to a heat transfer problem for a moving fluid in a cylindrical channel is obtained using an additional new function and additional boundary conditions in the heat balance integral method and taking into account energy dissipation under a first-order boundary condition that varies along the longitudinal coordinate. The use of an additional new function that determines the temperature change along the longitudinal variable in the center of the channel makes it possible to reduce the solution of the partial differential equation to the integration of an ordinary differential equation. Additional boundary conditions are found in such a way that their satisfaction for the new solution is equivalent to the satisfaction of the differential equation at boundary points.

Finding analytical solutions to the problems of thermal conductivity with variable physical properties of the medium by classical analytical methods is very complicated mathematically. The known expressions repre-senting complex infinite series including two types of Bessel functions and gamma-functions are, in fact, numerical as they require a numerical solution to complex transcendental equations with eigenvalues of the boundary problem. Such solutions can hardly be used in engineering applications, especially in cases when a solution to a certain problem is only an intermediate stage in other problems (such as thermoelasticity and control problems, inverse problems, etc.) which can be solved effectively only by finding analytical solutions to the initial problems. Therefore, an urgent problem now is to develop new methods of obtaining analytical solutions to the abovementioned problems, at least approximate ones. The study employed methods of additional boundary conditions and additional unknown functions in the integral method of heat balance. High-precision approximate analytical solutions to the transient heat conduction problem with nonhomogeneous physical properties of the medium for an infinite plate under symmetric boundary conditions of the first type have been obtained. The initial problem for partial differential equations is reduced to two problems in which ordinary differential equations are integrated. Additional boundary conditions are defined in such a way that their fulfillment in accordance with the new method is equivalent to the result of solving the initial partial differential equation at the boundary points and at the temperature perturbation front (for the first stage of the process). By combining methods with finite and infinite heat propagation rate we have been able to obtain high-precision analytical solutions for the whole time range of the unsteady process including its small and ultra small values. The solutions look like simple algebraical polynomials not including special functions (Bessel, Legendre, gamma-functions and others). Since it is not necessary to directly integrate the initial equations by the space variable and to reduce them to ordinary differential equations with additional unknown functions, the considered method can be used for solving complex boundary problems in which differential equations do not allow distinguishing between the variables (into nonlinear, with linear boundary conditions and heat sources, etc.).

На основе ортогонального метода Бубнова-Галеркина с использованием тригонометрических систем координатных функций получено точное аналитическое решение стационарной двумерной задачи теплопроводности для бесконечно-протяженного бруса квадратного сечения с источником теплоты. Благодаря свойству ортогональности тригонометрических координатных функций получаемая в методе Бубнова-Галеркина бесконечная система обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений разделяется и приводится к решению одного обобщенного уравнения, что позволяет получить точное аналитическое решение простого вида в виде бесконечного ряда. В силу симметричности задачи рассматривается лишь четверть поперечного сечения бруса при задании по линиям разреза граничных условий адиабатной стенки (отсутствия теплообмена), что позволяет (в отличие от известного классического точного аналитического решения) значительно упростить как процесс получения решения, так и окончательное выражение для него.

The exact analytic solution for the stationary two-dimensional heat conduction problem with a heat source for an infinite square bar was obtained. It was based on the Bubnov–Galyorkin orthogonal method using trigonometric systems of coordinate functions. The infinite system of ordinary differential equations obtained by the Bubnov–Galyorkin method is divided and reduced by the orthogonality property of trigonometric coordinate functions to the solution of a generalized equation which provides the exact analytical solution in a simple form, i.e. in the form of an infinite series. In view of the symmetry of the problem, only a quarter of the cross-section of the bar is considered for the boundary conditions of the adiabatic wall (the absence of heat transfer) along the cut lines, which allows (in contrast to the well-known classical exact analytical solution) to significantly simplify the process of the solution and the final equation.

The results of experimental and theoretical studies of the temperature state of the high- pressure cylinder (HPC) of the T-100-130 steam turbine for one of the start modes are presented. Taking into account the dependence of the coefficient of linear expansion on the temperature, the elongations of the individual sections of the casing under different temperatures and its total elongation after the turbine operation starts to correspond to the stationary operation mode have been found. The studies have shown that in the process of actuation the turbine there is a significant difference in temperature along the length of the HPC casing. In this case, the most intense heating occurs in the area from the second to the sixth section. The greatest temperature difference was observed in stationary operation at maximum temperature in the fifth section. Using the orthogonal method of L. V. Kantorovich, an approximate analytical solution of the thermal conductivity problem for a two-layer wall (turbine casing – thermal insulation) under inhomogeneous boundary conditions of the third kind is obtained. With the use of experimental data on the temperature state of the outer surface of the casing of the HPC by solving the inverse problem of thermal conductivity, the average heat transfer coefficients for the actuation period characterizing the intensity of heat transfer from steam to the casing have been found. On the basis of experimental data on the temperature change of any of the controlled parameters of the turbine over time, a theoretical method for predicting its change in a certain time range from the time of the its last measurement has been developed. The use of this method to predict the change in the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the HPC casing during the actuation showed that for a period of time equal to 3–5 minutes the forecast is fulfilled with high reliability.

An accurate analytical solution of the stationary problem of heat conductivity for a multilayer structure with heat sources under asymmetric boundary conditions of the third kind is obtained based on the use of the theory of generalized functions. Using the asymmetric unit function (Heaviside function), the problem for a multilayer structure is reduced to a single-layer with discontinuous (piecewise-continuous) medium properties. By introducing a new independent variable, the nonlinear differential equation (nonlinearity of the second kind—the thermal-physical properties depend on the spatial variable) is reduced to a linear one, direct integration of which allows obtaining an accurate analytical solution of the problem considered. Examples of investigations of the temperature fields for some certain multilayer structures are given.

A mathematical and computer model of a district heating network fed by two heat sources located at significantly different elevation marks has been developed. The model is based on the electrohydraulic analogy of electric current spread in conductors and liquid pressure spread in pipelines, which are described by the same equations. In particular, the first and second Kirchhoff’s laws used in the calculation of electrical networks are applied to calculate the velocities and pressures in a complex multi-ring pipeline system. In order to maximize the approximation of the computer model to the real hydraulic network (in resistance to the process of heating agent flow), the method of automatic identification of the model is applied. This method is an iterative process of changing the hydraulic resistances in pipelines of the model in such a way that the results obtained from the calculations would have the least differences from the experimental data. The accuracy of identification depending on the number of points with known experimental data is 3 – 5%.

Based on the concepts of local non-equilibrium thermodynamics, mathematical models for heat, mass and momentum transfer have been developed with space-time nonlocality taken into consideration. Derivation of transfer differential equations is based on taking into account both specific flows (of heat, mass and momentum) and gradients of corresponding values in diffusion laws by Fourier, Fick and Newton. The research of accurate analytical solutions of the derived models enabled us to find new change patterns of the required parameters for small and ultra small values of time and space variables, as well as for high-speed processes, the change time of which is comparable to relaxation time. Particularly, from the investigation of an accurate analytical solution, it has been found that there is a time delay for Derichlet's boundary condition acceptance, which demonstrates that due to body's resistance to heat penetration, its instant heat-up is impossible, irrespective of any heat exchange with the environment. Therefore, wall heat exchange factor depends not only on heat-exchange conditions (medium speed, viscosity, etc.), but also on the body's physical properties. So, firstly, it is a time-variant and, secondly, it can not exceed a certain limit value, established for each particular case. The conducted research of the rod oscillations with relaxation phenomena, taken into consideration, discovered bifurcation oscillations (beat) appearing under the external harmonic load in cases when the difference between the frequency of eigen-oscillations of the rod and constrained load oscillations is insufficient.

This paper describes the results of the development of mathematical and computer models of complex multi-loop branched pipeline networks for various purposes (water-oil-gas pipelines, heating networks, etc.) based on the electro hydraulic analogy of current spread in conductors and fluids in pipelines described by the same equations. Kirchhoff's laws used in the calculation of electrical networks are applied in the calculations for pipeline systems. To maximize the approximation of the computer model to the real network concerning its resistance to the process of transferring the medium, the method of automatic identification of the model is applied.

By using the heat balance equation and a modified Fourier law's formula considering the relaxation of heat flow and temperature gradient, a model of the local non-equilibrium process of plate heating with ultrashort laser pulses, modelled by heat flow of time-variable second-class boundary conditions, step (discontinuous) time function, was developed. The research showed that consideration of non-locality results in the delayed plate heatup irrespective of the laser radiation flow intensity. This fact is explained by the resistance caused by the medium to the process of change of its temperature condition, which increases as the relaxation factor grows. It was also shown that in consideration of the relaxation phenomena, the boundary conditions (first-, second-and third-class) may not be fulfilled immediately - they may be set only within a definite range of the initial time section. Therefore, the immediate implementation of the boundary condition is impossible since the value of the heat transfer factor has a definite limit, depending on the relaxation properties of the medium, which may not be exceeded under any conditions of heat exchange with the medium. The relations are given which allow establishing such laser radiation flow change patterns at which the wall surface temperature would remain set and constant over time.

ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО СТАТУСА УПОЛНОМОЧЕННОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ОПЕРАТОРА А.Д

РОЛЬ ЭКСПОРТНОГО КОНТРОЛЯ В ТАМОЖЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ РФ В. В. БАТАЕВ, В. П. КАЧАЛИН, Ю. Э. ПЛЕШИВЦЕВА, В. К. ТКАЧЕВ, К. В. ТРУБИЦЫН ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный технический университет», г.Самара В статье рассматриваются ключевые вопросы влияния международного и национального законодательства на таможенную политику в области экспортного контроля в РФ.Приведена динамика соотношения ядерных сил США и России (СССР) с 1962 по 2015 гг.Проведена краткая характеристика международного законодательства в области экспортного контроля.Проанализированы девять режимов и соглашений.Рассмотрено национальное законодательство, включая Федеральный закон «Об экспортном контроле».Представлены шесть контрольных списков.Показана особая роль стран -участниц соглашения БРИКС в вопросе экспортного контроля.Сделаны выводы о важной роли международных соглашений и национального законодательства в области экспортного контроля в вопросах нераспространения ядерного ору