Influence of highly disperse nanostructured modifiers of alumina – magnesia, partially stabilized zirconia – on the consolidation processes of composite ceramics of industrial corundum powders annealed at 1600–1700 °C, changes of its microstructure and physico-mechanical properties is investigated. It is established, that due to processes of self-diffusion of active modifiers there is a distribution of their nanograins on the borders of miсroparticles of corundum powder. In addition, nanostructured modifiers fill a pore space that causes sliding of particles under mechanical and thermal loads of material and transfers the mechanism of fragile destruction to pseudo-plastic. The entered nanostructured modifiers promote the process of lamellar zones formation throughout the material that also strengthens its mechanical properties. The correlation of composite ceramics structure and their physico-mechanical characteristics are developed.

Influence of highly disperse nanostructured modifiers of alumina – magnesia, partially stabilized zirconia – on the consolidation processes of composite ceramics of industrial corundum powders annealed at 1600–1700 °C, changes of its microstructure and physico-mechanical properties is investigated. It is established, that due to processes of self-diffusion of active modifiers there is a distribution of their nanograins on the borders of miсroparticles of corundum powder. In addition, nanostructured modifiers fill a pore space that causes sliding of particles under mechanical and thermal loads of material and transfers the mechanism of fragile destruction to pseudo-plastic. The entered nanostructured modifiers promote the process of lamellar zones formation throughout the material that also strengthens its mechanical properties. The correlation of composite ceramics structure and their physico-mechanical characteristics are developed.

The article is devoted to the 110 anniversary of the birth of the Belarusian scientist, the founder of the section of chemical science – Chemistry of solids, the organizer and the first director of Institute of the General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus – Mikhail Mikhaylovich Pavlyuchenko. In the article, the career devoted to search of the implication and chemical mechanism of the processes proceeding with participation of solids is described. Identification of the defining stages (limiting stages) and regularities of thermal dissociation reactions and synthesis of different classes and various structure of substances, as well as the definition of ways to operate these processes are described in this paper. His pedagogical and practical activities were purposeful, he looked for and found the young people interested in scientific research, excited them with his ideas, prepared 40 candidates and 3 Doctors of Chemistry. Together with the academician N. F. Ermolenko and the engineering structure of the institute, he prepared, proved the ways and possibilities of use and enrichment of sylvinites of the Starobinsky field, and repeatedly reported for the government and wide audience on importance of chemical industry development in Belarus. His course of life is a service to science and the Homeland.

This chapter deals with preparation processes of SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 composite materials doped by nanostructured fibrous powders γ- and α-Al 2O3. Physical and chemical interaction of active nanostructured fillers γ-and α-Al2O3 with a ceramic matrix of SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 was investigated. Introduction of nanostructured fibrous powders γ- and α-alumina initiated solid-phase reactions—formation of mullite and tialite when heating in the field of temperatures in the range of 1350–1500 °C. The formed acicular crystals of mullite served as the centers of energy dissipation and strengthened a composite. The compounds of alumina titanate reduced the value of linear expansion thermal coefficient of composite material and increased its thermal stability. It has been shown that alumina nanostructured fillers changed structure and improved the properties of silica–alumina–titania composite materials.

The process of forming three-component nanocrystalline fibers and powders of zirconia, yttria and alumina is studied depending on the component ratio and heat treatment temperature. It has been found that in the investigated system at 500-600 degrees C a nanocrystalline triple solid solution is formed, which exists up to 1200 degrees C. Beyond the above temperature, the triple solid solution decomposes into individual components. Specific regularities of changes in the crystalline structure and size of nanograins of oxides of triple solid solutions in the ZrO2(Y2O3)-Al2O3 system are established depending on the composition and thermal action. The structure--crystallite size--physical-chemical property relationship is also considered. The proposed synthesis method enables preparing nanocrystalline fibers and powders with a high degree of dispersion and reactive activity, whose use in composite materials and ceramics improves their service properties.

This paper deals with a simulation by means of finite element method of a natural lower limb after a knee joint arthroplasty in a full extension. Our last static model serving as a starting point for our future dynamic analysis is presented now. Aside a total knee endoprosthesis Medin Modulár provided by MedinOrthopedics, a.s., two long bones, femur and tibia were used. Compared with our former results, this model gives reduced stress and contact pressures values which were given by more realistic ankle and hip joint definition. Their distributions also correspond better the experimental findings. [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 6-7] CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL RESULTS OF ACUPUNCTURE INFLUENCE ON ACUTE PYOINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES DEVELOPEMENT IN SOFT TISSUES. EXPERIMANTAL CASE Y.M. Kazakova, I.O. Pohodenko-Chudakova, E.I. Parhovtchenko Belarussian Collaborating Centre of EACMFS, Belarussian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus Pushkin av. 33 – 239; PO BOX 190; 220092 Minsk, Belarus E-mail: ip-c@yandex.ru [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 8-9] RESULTS OF LASER ACUPUNCTURE INFLUENCE ON LOCAL CLINICAL AND LABORATORY INDICES AFTER DENTAL IMPLANTATION IN EXPERIMENT A.P. Pilipenko, I.O. Pohodenko-Chudakova Belarussian Collaborating Centre of EACMFS, Belarussian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus, Pushkin av. 33 – 239; PO BOX 190; 220092 Minsk, Belarus E-mail: ip-c@yandex.ru [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 9-10] RESULTS OF ACUPUNCTURE IN COMPLEX THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH ACQUIRED DETTECTS OF LOWER JAW ON THE ORAL FLUID MICROCRYSTALLIZATION FINDINGS I.O. Pohodenko-Chudakova, A.O. Sakadynetz Belarussian Collaborating Centre of EACMFS, Belarussian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus, Pushkin av. 33 – 239; PO BOX 190; 220092 Minsk, Belarus E-mail: ip-c@yandex.ru [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 11-12] PROGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC ODONTOGENOUS SINUSITIS OF MAXILLARY SINUS I.O. Pohodenko-Chudakova, А.V. Surin Belarussian Collaborating Centre of EACMFS, Belarussian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus, Pushkin av. 33 – 239; PO BOX 190; 220092 Minsk, Belarus E-mail: ip-c@yandex.ru [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 12-13] THE STRUCTURE AND IMMOBILIZATION ACTIVITY OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE CROSS-LINKED COPOLYMERS Oleg Suberlyak, Volodymyr Skorokhoda, Nataliya Semenyuk Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bandera St. 12, Lviv, Ukraine; e-mail: suberlak@polynet.lviv.ua [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 14-15] NANO-SIZED MICELLES FORMED BY SELF-ASSEMBLING OF POLYLACTIDE/POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) BLOCK COPOLYMERS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Liu Yang, Zhenxian Zhao, Jia Wei, Suming Li 1 Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 2 Max Mousseron Institute on Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, Research Center on Artificial Biopolymers, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Montpellier I, 34060 Montpellier, France e-mail: lisuming@univ-montp1.fr [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 16-18] HIGH-HYDROPHILIC MEMBRANES FOR DIALYSIS AND HEMODIALYSIS Oleg Suberlyak, Jourij Melnyk, Nataliya Baran Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bandera St. 12, Lviv, 79013, Ukraine e-mail: suberlak@polynet.lviv.ua [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 18-19] IMMOBILIZATION OF COLLAGEN – AN EFFECTIVE METHOD OF IMPROVING CELL ADHESION ON POLYMERIC MATERIALS Elżbieta Pamuła, Anna Ścisłowska-Czarnecka 1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biomaterials, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 2 Academy of Physical Education, Faculty of Anatomy, Al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland Abstract Surface properties of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG), and two reference materials: hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) and hydrophilic tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) were modified by collagen adsorption. The morphology of the obtained collagen film was observed by using atomic force microscopy. On PLG and TCPS collagen layer was uniform, while on PS collagen formed isolated patches. The differences in supramolecular organization of collagen were due to differences in surface wettability. The behaviour of L929 fibroblasts incubated on all raw and collagen-modified surfaces was then evaluated. The best adhesion and spreading of cells, as expected, were observed on TCPS. Collagen adsorbed on PLG and PS considerably improved adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts.Surface properties of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG), and two reference materials: hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) and hydrophilic tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) were modified by collagen adsorption. The morphology of the obtained collagen film was observed by using atomic force microscopy. On PLG and TCPS collagen layer was uniform, while on PS collagen formed isolated patches. The differences in supramolecular organization of collagen were due to differences in surface wettability. The behaviour of L929 fibroblasts incubated on all raw and collagen-modified surfaces was then evaluated. The best adhesion and spreading of cells, as expected, were observed on TCPS. Collagen adsorbed on PLG and PS considerably improved adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts. [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 20-23] WPŁYWU ŻELU WYBIELAJĄCEGO Z NADTLENKIEM MOCZNIKA NA POWIERZCHNIĘ SZKLIWA BADANIA ZA POMOCĄ MIKROSKOPU SIŁ ATOMOWYCH (AFM) AN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE BLEACHING GEL ON ENAMEL SURFACE Dorota Kościelniak, Elżbieta Pamuła 1 Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Collegium Medicum, Pracownia Stomatologii Dziecięcej IS CMUJ ul. Montelupich 4, 31-155 Kraków 2 Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Wydział Inżynierii Materiałowej i Ceramiki, Katedra Biomateriałów, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków 1 Department of Pedodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, ul. Montelupich 4, 31-155 Kraków, Poland 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biomaterials, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków Streszczenie W pracy oceniono wpływ żelu wybielającego zawierającego 20% nadtlenek mocznika na powierzchnię szkliwa zęba ludzkiego. Przy użyciu mikroskopu sił atomowych (AFM) zarejestrowano obrazy topograficzne szkliwa z powierzchni policzkowej zęba bez kontaktu jak i po kontakcie z żelem wybielającym. Badania wykazały, że 48-godzinne wybielanie nie wpływa w istotny sposób na topografię szkliwa i jego chropowatość. Parametry topograficzne takie jak: średnia chropowatość powierzchni, chropowatość skuteczna i średnia wysokość elementów topograficznych szkliwa po procesie wybielania były podobne do parametrów próbki kontrolnej. Abstract The effect of bleaching gel containing 20% carbamide peroxide on human enamel surface was evaluated. Topography images of the control and test samples located on the buccal surface of the same tooth were recorded with the use of an atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM evaluation demonstrated that 48-hour bleaching did not significantly affect topography and roughness of the enamel. Topographical parameters such as average roughness, root mean square roughness and average height were similar for both control and test surfaces of the enamel. [Inżynieria Biomateriałów, 63-64, (2007), 24-27] [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 24-27] DŁUGOCZASOWA KOROZJA STOPÓW REX 734 I PANACEA P558 W ROZTWORACH 0.5 M NaCl I TYRODE’A LONG-TIME CORROSION OF REX 734 AND PANACEA P558 ALLOYS IN 0.5 M NaCl AND TYRODE’S SOLUTIONS Barbara Burnat, Tadeusz Błaszczyk, Andrzej Leniart, Henryk Scholl, Leszek Klimek 1 Uniwersytet łódzki, Wydział Fizyki i Chemii, Katedra Chemii Ogólnej i Nieorganicznej, 90-136 Łódź, Narutowicza 68 2 Politechnika Łódzka, Wydział Mechaniczny, Instytut Inżynierii Materiałowej, Zakład Inżynierii Biomedycznej, 90-924 Łódź, Stefanowskiego 1/15 e-mail: burnat@op.pl 1 University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 90-136 Lodz, Narutowicza 68 2 Technical University of Lodz, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, 90-924 Lodz, Stefanowskiego 1/15 E-mail: burnat@op.pl Streszczenie Przeprowadzono badania długoczasowej korozji dwóch biomedycznych stopów typu Fe-Cr-Mo: Rex 734 i Panacea P558 w roztworach 0.5 M NaCl i Tyrode’a, w temperaturze ciała ludzkiego 37C (310 K). Czas kontaktowania się próbek stopów z roztworami wynosił 84 dni (ok. 3 miesiące). Stwierdzono, że dla wszystkich badanych próbek zarówno potencjały korozyjne, opory polaryzacyjne jak i szybkości korozji stabilizują się w końcowych 40. dniach. Inaczej zmieniają się w czasie eksperymentu charakterystyki impedancyjne. Wyniki atomowej spektroskopii absorpcyjnej roztworów korozyjnych pokazały, że korozja badanych stopów w swobodnym potencjale korozyjnym zachodzi równomiernie. Abstract Long-time corrosion of two biomedical Fe-Cr-Mo alloys: Rex 734 and Panacea P558 was investigated in 0.5 M NaCl and Tyrode’s solutions at human body temperature of 37C (310 K). Samples of alloys were in contact with corrosion solutions within 84 days (ca. 3 months). It was stated that for all investigated samples both corrosion potentials, polarization resistances and corrosion rates were stabilized in last 40 days. In a different manner impedance characteristics changed during experiment. Results of atomic absorption spectroscopy of corrosion solutions after 84 days showed that corrosion processes at free corrosion potentials proceed as uniform corrosion. [Inżynieria Biomateriałów, 63-64, (2007), 28-31] [Engineering of Biomaterials, 63-64, (2007), 28-31] WPŁYW PROSZKÓW WĘGLOWYCH NA LUDZKIE KRWINKI BIAŁE INFLUENCE OF CARBON POWDER PARTICLES ON HUMAN NEUTROPHILS Katarzyna Bąkowicz-Mitura, Małgorzata Czerniak-Reczulska Zbigniew Baj 1 Zakład Inżynierii Biomedycznej, Instytut Inżynierii Materiałowej, Politechnika Łódzka ul. Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924, Łódź 2 Zakład Patofizjologii i Immuno

A fibrous aluminium oxide-based material added with magnesium oxide was fabricated. Its structure was studied, sizes of particles were calculated, and physicochemical properties were analyzed. The material is intended for biomedical applications. Clinical tests were performed.

A study of high pressure sintering of partially stabilized zirconia nanopowder at pressure of 4 GPa depending on sintering temperature in the range from 800 to 1700 degrees C is presented. With an increase of the sintering temperature a monotonous variation of phase composition takes place. The reduction of monoclinic phase content is accompanied by a non-monotonous alteration of density and microhardness, the maximal values of which reach of 5.73 g/cm(3) and 12.6 +/- 0.5 GPa, respectively. With an increase of the sintering temperature higher than 1100 degrees C the microstructure of the samples becomes coarser and the colour changes from white to black.

Processes for fabricating of nanostructured fibrous materials from alumina and zirconia are studied with the aim to develop a production technology of high-dispersed reactive materials, from which ceramics can be produced and which can be used as composite fillers. The investigations of these processes have enabled one to establish a mechanism for the formation of the structure of fibrous oxides with a complex architecture involving metal oxide nanoparticles, nanopores and microcapillaries. Relying on the calculations of metal oxide crystallite sizes and the electron microscope studies it is found that crystallographic transformations of oxides cause them to disperse. Structural changes in fibrous oxides are accompanied by the porosity and pore size. The obtained regularities allow one to predict the properties and to control the production technology of nanostructured fibrous oxide materials.

The structures of nanocrystalline fibrous powders of refractory oxides have been investigated by different methods: determination of coherent-scattering regions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). The sizes of nanograins of different crystalline phases of refractory metal oxides have been determined during the formation of these nanograins and the dynamics of their growth during heat treatment in the temperature range 600–1600°C has been studied. The data on the structure of nanocrystalline refractory oxide powders, obtained by different methods, are in good agreement. According to the data on coherent-scattering regions, the sizes of the ZrO2 (Y2O3) and Al2O3 grains formed are in the range 4–6 nm, and the particle sizes determined according to the TEM and AFM data are in the ranges 5–7 and 2–10 nm, respectively. SEM analysis made it possible to investigate the dynamics of nanoparticle growth at temperatures above 1000°C and establish the limiting temperatures of their consolidation in fibers.

The crystalline and porous structure of superfine powders and fibers made of alumina and zirconia doped with yttria is investigated. The particle sizes were determined by the methods of coherent dispersion and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Based on data on the sizes of crystallites of the metal oxides, which were obtained by different methods, it is found that crystalline transformations of the oxides lead to dispersion of the materials. The structural transformations of the superfine oxides are accompanied by changes in crystallite sizes and in the character and size of pores. The laws established allow one to purposefully control the process of producing nanostructured oxide powders and fibers, which can be utilized as active fillers for composite materials based on various matrices.

The aim of the present work was to explore the process of forming nanostructural fibers of alumina, zirconia, magnesia, titania and to study how their crystalline and porous structure depends on the conditions of synthesis and heat treatment.