We reviewed experimental studies examining inversion or composite effects to understand the holistic processing of faces. Early studies reported a shift from analytic to holistic face processing with age. Young children's inability to use holistic information was believed to explain their inferior performance in facial processing. However, recent research has revealed that even 3-year-olds and infants show sensitivity to holistic information, similarly to adults. We discuss methodological problems of these studies, including the lack of whole-face images in the stimuli tested. Previous studies commonly used facial stimuli created by cutting out only an internal area of a face, or by excluding external areas (i.e., hair). These manipulations have caused an overestimation of children痴 ability to identify and recognize faces. Finally, we present a new approach for clarifying developmental changes in face processing. Young children have a tendency to process a whole visual area, including areas that are inappropriate for accurate identification of faces (i.e., external areas), and have an inability to limit visual processing to useful internal areas and facial components.

We review psychological research studies on children in infancy and early and middle childhood which were published in a number of psychological journals, including the Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, Japanese Journal of Psychology, Japanese Psychological Research from July 2016 to June 2017, and the Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology. The studies were presented in five areas: (a) cognitive development, (b) social development, (c) development of self, (d) issues of parents and preschool teachers, and (e) others. The findings from the articles are highlighted and future directions from the perspective of current issues of education are discussed.

A female in her thirties fell face down in her room. She was motionless when her sister found her. She was transported to the hospital by ambulance and was in a state of cardiopulmonary arrest on admission. She did not respond to resuscitation. Her abdomen had started to swell 3years before her death. An autopsy was performed to clarify the decedent's cause of death. She was 172cm tall and weighed 146kg. Her maximum abdominal girth was 172.1cm. A subcutaneous hemorrhage measuring 4.5cm in diameter was observed in the epigastric region. The abdominal cavity contained brownish ascites (54.1L). The left ovary was markedly swollen, and the combined weight of the uterus and right ovary was more than 13.0kg. A left ovarian tumor consisting of serous and mucinous cysts was detected. There were no metastatic lesions in the peritoneum or other organs. She might have suffered circulatory disturbance caused by the ascites and ovarian tumor. Moreover, being in a prone position would have resulted in an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, further exacerbating her circulatory problems. Therefore, her cause of death was considered to be circulatory failure caused by significant ascites and a large ovarian tumor.

5、6歳児と成人を対象として2つの顔刺激の同一性判断課題を行い、顔の同一性判断を行う際の、顔の内部的情報（目、鼻、口、頬等を含む顔の内部全体の情報）と外部的情報（内部的情報以外の髪型の情報）の処理の発達的変化を検討した。2種類の不一致刺激（2つの顔が同一人物で髪型が異なる刺激、2つの顔は異なる人物だが髪型が同じ刺激）と2種類の一致刺激（2つの顔が同一人物で髪型も同じ刺激、2つの顔は異なる人物で髪型も異なる刺激）を正立と倒立で提示し、2つの顔が同一人物の顔か異なる人物の顔かの判断を求め、判断時の眼球運動を測定した。5、6歳時は一致刺激よりも不一致刺激においてより大きな倒立効果がみられ、同一人物かそうでないかの判断の際に、不適切な外部的情報を含めた全体処理を行っていることが示唆された。一方、成人は、不一致刺激と一致刺激両方にわずかな倒立効果がみられ、顔の内部的情報に対する部分処理と形態処理の効率性が阻害されていることが示唆された。眼球運動のデータからは、5、6歳児も成人も、正立刺激に対しては顔の内部のみを注視しているが、倒立刺激については、成人は、倒立刺激と比較すると顔の内部への注視時間が増加したのに対して、5、6歳児は顔の外部への注視時間が増加することが明らかになった。

Chest compression is an indispensable technique to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Published values for the complication by CPR range from 21 to 65%, and the ratio is different in the infant and the adult. In this study, complication due to chest compression was examined according to patient age.

Three experiments were conducted to examine developmental differences in reliance on internal (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth, and cheeks) or external (i.e., hairstyle) facial features between young children and adults when matching two unfamiliar faces. Participants viewed two facial images and were asked to decide whether the images showed the identical person or two different people. Four different types of stimuli were presented: two incongruent stimuli, in which the two images showed either the same internal face (i.e., same person) with different hairstyles or two different internal faces (i.e., different people) with the same hairstyle, and two congruent stimuli, in which the two images showed either the same face and hairstyle or two different faces and hairstyles. We found that children were more likely to base their responses on external hairstyles for the incongruent stimuli, unlike adults (Experiment 1), even when they were instructed to attend to internal features (Experiment 2). Eye movement data showed that both children and adults spent the most time gazing on the internal features and gave little attention to the external hairstyle, and children attended to each part of the internal features as long as, or even longer than, adults (Experiment 3). Children's response based on external hairstyles was due to their inability to disregard external information and was not attributed to their tendency to attend more frequently to external parts rather than internal parts.

Background/aim: Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) is a clinical biomarker of the progress of kidney disease. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is known as a biomarker of peroxidative DNA damage. We investigated both urinary L-FABP and 8-OHdG in forensic autopsy cases as biomarkers to elucidate the metabolic changes in survival periods after insults.Methods: In 196 urinary samples from forensic autopsy cases, we measured L-FABP and 8-OHdG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and creatinine by enzymatic assay. Urinary L-FABP/Cr and 8-OHdG/Cr were obtained.Results: No significant correlation was observed between urinary L-FABP/Cr or 8-OHdG/Cr, and gender, age, or postmortem interval. Regarding urinary L-FABP/Cr or 8-OHdG/Cr, there were no significant differences among the causes of death. In the survival/agony period, urinary L-FABP/Cr under the cut-off value 31.3 might show that the survival/agony period was within 1 h. Under the cut-off value of urinary 8-OHdG/Cr, 17.8, might indicate that it is within 24 h.Conclusion: Urinary L-FABP/Cr may rise within a relatively short survival/agony period, and urinary 8-OHdG/Cr may increase when the damage continues longer. Measuring the urinary L-FABP/Cr and 8-OHdG/Cr might be useful in elucidating the survival/agony period. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

6-23:8) 。それぞれを，平均年齢が等しくな るように，下記の 4 条件にふりわけた。 材料：目撃事象：2 名の人物が登場する 80 秒間のビデオ。 ラインアップの写真：ターゲット 1 枚(男性の肩から上のカ ラー写真)とディストラクタ 6 枚(ターゲットと異なる 6 名 の男性) 。いずれの写真も縦 300 横 200 pixels であった。 手続き：個人実験で行われた。17 インチのモニタを使用 して 80 秒間のビデオをみせた直後， 以下の４条件で人物識別 を行わせた。 ①プレゼント同時提示(P 同時) ：6 枚の写真(1 枚がターゲ ットで 5 枚がディストラクタ)を同時に並べて提示し，その 中にビデオで見た男性がいるかいないかを尋ね， 「いる」と答 えた者にはそれがどの写真か指で指すように教示した。 「いな い」と答えた場合は調査を終了した。 ②プレゼント消失提示(P 消失) ：6 枚の写真(1 枚がターゲ ットで 5 枚がディストラクタ)を同時に並べて提示し，この 中からビデオで見た男性と一番よく似ていると思う写真を 1 枚選択させた。選択された 1 枚の写真のみを残して残りの 5 枚は画面から消し(消失提示) ，この男性がビデオでみた男性 と同じか違うかをもう一度判断するように教示した。 ③アブセント同時提示(A 同時) ：6 枚の写真(6 枚全部がデ ィストラクタでターゲットは含まれていない)を同時に並べ て提示し，その後の手続きは P 同時条件と同様。 ④アブセント消失提示(A 消失) ：6 枚の写真(6 枚全部がデ ィストラクタでターゲットは含まれていない)を同時に並べ て提示し，その後の手続きは P 消失条件と同様。 【結果と考察】 (1)

尿試料からの簡易薬物スクリーニング検査を実施している3次救命救急センターや高度救命救急センターでは，これまでTriage DOA（シスメックス社）が使用されてきた。2010年11月にはこれに加えて，尿検査キットINSTANT-VIEW M-I（TFB社）が国内販売となった。そこで当施設において薬物分析結果に基づいた両キットの比較検討を行った。対象は2010年12月28日から2011年8月30日までの約8か月間で，救急初療時に検査が必要と判断し，採尿可能であった症例を対象とした。Triage DOAおよびINSTANT-VIEW M-Iの検査を施行し，1項目でも陽性を認めた45症例に対し，当大学法医学教室でガスクロマトグラフ質量分析装置（Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer，以下GC/MS）および液体クロマトグラフ質量分析装置（Liquid Chromatography - tandem Mass Spectrometry，以下LC/MS/MS）を用いた薬物分析を実施した。比較検討の結果，INSTANT-VIEW M-Iの方が操作は簡便で所要時間も短時間であった。しかし，結果の判定はTriage DOAの方が簡単であった。薬物検査の性能に関しては，感度はINSTANT-VIEW M-Iが高く，特異度はTriage DOAが高い傾向にあった。両キットで三環系抗うつ薬とベンゾジアゼピン系の偽陽性率が高く，数例で偽陰性も認めた。簡易スクリーニング検査には偽陽性（偽陰性）があるということを理解したうえで用いることが重要である。

Children aged 5–6 years and adults were asked to discriminate the gender of 12 facial stimuli constructed by the combination of 4 types of internal facial features (i.e., masculine-male, feminine-male, masculine-female, and feminine-female) and 3 types of hairstyle (i.e., hair concealed, short hair, and long hair). Participants’ eye movements were recorded during the discrimination task. Results showed that children’s discrimination behavior, in contrast to that of adults, was inaccurate and mainly based on the external cue of hairstyle. However, eye movement data revealed that both children and adults mainly gazed on internal facial features and gave little attention to the external hairstyle. These results are discussed from the perspective of developmental differences in information processing related to disregarding inappropriate cues from the peripheral visual field.

SCN5A (sodium channel, voltage-gated, type V, alpha subunit) gene encodes the cardiac sodium channel, a member of the voltage-gated sodium channel family. SCN5A mutations have been associated with a variety of inherited arrhythmias, including long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. We report an autopsy case of sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome. A man in his thirties died at night while sleeping. At autopsy, no traumatic injury, disease or drug intake was observed as a possible cause of death. We examined mutations in the SCN5A gene and identified a heterozygous mutation causing an R1193Q amino acid substitution. It was reported that the R1193Q polymorphism in the SCN5A gene destabilizes channel inactivation and may be a risk factor for Brugada and long QT syndrome. It may be considered that the cause of death in this case was sudden cardiac death.

In fatalities with multiple traumatic injuries, it is important to determine the severity of trauma, the main damaged organ, and the antemortem pathophysiological condition. We examined 63 cases within 48 h of the postmortem interval, which included assaults, slips and falls and falls from heights, traffic accidents, and sharp instrumental injuries. Immunohistochemically, each kidney was stained against hemoglobin (Hb), myoglobin (Mb), superoxide dismutase (SOD), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 150 kDa oxygen regulated protein (ORP150), pulmonary surfactant A (SP-A), and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). Bleeding or circulatory failure induced ORP150, 8-OHdG, and L-FABP in the kidney. Statistical analysis of the immunoreactivity revealed that in battered and/or abused cases, Hb could be considered a specific marker. Hb and Mb were observed in the cases with general severe trauma, such as slips and falls and falls from heights. In traffic accidents, ORP150 could reflect general circulatory failure with bleeding. SP-A was observed in the cases with severe thoracic injuries, such as lung injuries and multiple thoracic fractures. L-FABP appeared in cases with renal circulatory failure as well as renal injury. These findings suggest that immunohistochemical observation of the kidneys could be a useful tool in determining several key factors, such as the severity of injury, the specific damaged organ, and the pathological condition after injury.

症例は43歳の女性。30歳時に神経性食思不振症と診断され，精神科への入退院を繰り返していた。今回，自宅にて意識レベルが低下したため，救急車で近医へ搬送された。脱水と低栄養状態であり，低血圧，低血糖に対して高カロリー輸液による水分栄養補給が開始された。しかし，多臓器不全を呈したため，第13病日に当センターへ転院となった。臨床経過から，本患者は慢性の半飢餓状態の代謝に適合しており，低リン血症を補正しないまま糖負荷を行ったことによるrefeeding syndromeと診断した。血清リン濃度（IP）0.5mg/dlと著明な低リン血症を呈していたため，直ちにリンの補充を行い，輸液は低カロリーから開始した。低リン血症改善後，ショックから離脱し多臓器不全も改善傾向を示した。しかし，第27病日に敗血症性ショックを合併し呼吸不全の増悪から，第60病日に死亡退院となった。近年，救急・集中治療の領域においても栄養管理の重要性が認識されているものの，依然としてrefeeding syndromeの存在は広く認知されているとは言い難い。神経性食思不振症患者の栄養管理に際しては，refeeding syndromeを念頭に置き，微量元素を含めた低カロリーから開始する栄養補給により臓器不全を回避しなければならない。

The present study investigated how well five- and six-year-olds and adults can remember peripheral information such as bystanders from a live event in which a number of people appeared. The participants watched a live amusement show event performed by a group of four people: two main performers and two bystanders. Approximately one month after seeing the event, the participants were questioned about what the show was like and given a recognition/recall test and facial identification test regarding the bystanders. Results showed that half of the children failed to recognize the presence of bystanders who were not centrally involved in the event, while all of the adults could recognize the presence of bystanders. These results are discussed from the aspect of young children's omission errors related to the failure to encode peripheral information.

症例は84歳の女性。認知症と脳梗塞後遺症のリハビリテーションのため入院加療中であった。食事は常に全量摂取で，嘔吐や嚥下困難は認められなかった。食後1時間後より突然の呼吸困難と吸気性喘鳴が出現し，胸部X線検査にて上縦隔の拡大を認めた。4日前に転倒による胸部打撲があることから縦隔血腫が疑われ，加療目的で当センターへ転院となった。入院時，頻脈と不整脈，頻呼吸，吸気性喘鳴，頸静脈怒張を認めた。胸腹部CT検査では，食道の異常拡張と大量の内容物貯留を認め，食道アカラシアと診断した。食道の異常拡張による気管圧排に起因した気道閉塞と判断し，気管挿管を実施したところ，心室細動が生じ胸骨圧迫を実施した。約1分後に自己心拍は再開し，気道圧迫解除目的で緊急上部消化管内視鏡検査を行った。食道から約600gの食物残渣を吸引し，その後不整脈は消失しショック状態から離脱した。以後，全身状態は安定し，2週間後に前医へ転送した。食道アカラシアは，心停止を来しうる疾患であることを認識し，的確な診断と迅速な対応を心掛けなければならない。

Methamphetamine (MA) use sometimes causes rhabdomyolysis, which has been associated with mortality. We analyzed potential rhabdomyolysis-susceptibility genes from autopsy samples of 18 methamphetamine abusers. We examined mutations in the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR 1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II), very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 genes. Different RYR1 mutations that caused amino acid substitutions ((612)Ala>Thr and (4295)Ala>Val) were identified in 2 cases. In the CPT II gene, there was a new mutation ((545)Glu>Ala) in 1 case and there were mutations that did not change activity in 17 cases. In the VLCAD gene, there were mutations that did not change activity in 6 cases. In the CYP2D6 gene, homozygosity for CYP2D6∗10, which is associated with significantly reduced metabolic activity, was found in 3 cases, while 2 cases carried a different previously unreported missense mutation ((344)Arg>Gln and (48)His>Tyr). RYR1 mutations and the new CPT II mutation identified in this study were not observed in a control group. Eighteen cases that were genetically analyzed were also investigated immunohistochemically to diagnose the possibility of rhabdomyolysis. However, there were no significant mutations that reduced enzyme activity in the suspected cases of rhabdomyolysis. These data suggested no obvious relationship between the genetic mutations observed in this study and rhabdomyolysis.