Worlds of Human Rights presents ethnographic studies from Sub Saharan Africa that highlight how individuals and groups use human rights to achieve greater justice. It shows how struggles concerning land, property, gender equality and legal identity are shaped by contexts of history, power structures and legal pluralism.

This article analyses the problem membership in the Communal Property Associations that represent beneficiaries in the South African restitution of farmland. As government intends to change the claims deadline from 1998 to 2018, the issues addressed in this article take on greater salience. The recreation of recipient communities raises important issues about the meaning of rights, the meaning of community, and the power to decide about these meanings. The article shows how material considerations have influenced the choices of the actors involved, from prospective members to central government, in a cluster of rural restitution cases in Limpopo Province. In part, the primacy of material considerations reflects the success of the government in deflecting the focus of the land reform process away from justice and towards economic realities. These considerations have also served to exacerbate problems related to overlapping land claims, multiple membership, the ambiguous role of traditional leaders in land reform, gender discrimination, and - more generally - an uneven distribution of the benefits of land restitution. These problems have emerged in a context where government, under pressure to achieve a lot in a limited amount of time, failed properly to analyse and anticipate the scale and nature of the difficulties associated with communal land claims and the formal recreation of community. The result is a land restitution process that in its attempt to resolve old forms of injustice may end up producing new ones.