Field experiments to determine the influence of supplementary hoe weeding on the efficacy of ButaForce (N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-N-2,6-dimethyl acetanilide) for low land rice (Oryza sativa L.) weed management was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Port Harcourt during the early cropping seasons of 2018 and 2019. Seven treatments were used for the experiment namely: ButaForce at 1.5 L/ha + SHW (21 DAS), ButaForce at 2.0 L/ha + SHW (21 DAS), ButaForce at 2.5 L/ha + SHW (21DAS), ButaForce at 3.0 L/ha (recommended rate), weed-free (weekly weeding), hoe weeded twice at 21 and 42 DAS and weedy check. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Results from the study showed that weed-free check (weekly weeding) was more effective in weed control in lowland rice. It also gave the highest growth and yield attributes over all other treatments. Weed suppression and rice performance was better in plots treated with ButaForce at 2.5 L/ha + SHW (21 DAS) than in other supplementary hoe weeding. The economic analysis showed that although hoe weeded plots had higher yields, the profit obtained from them were lower when compared with the supplementary hoe weeding and ButaForce at 3.0 L/ha. Among all the weed control treatment, plots treated with ButaForce at 2.5 L/ha with supplementary hoe weeding gave the highest profit. Since the highest profit was recorded in plots treated with ButaForce at 2.5 L/ha with supplementary hoe weeding, it is therefore recommended to rice farmers in the study area. Key words: Hoe weeding, lowland rice, supplementary, weed management, economic analysis.

The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing the welfares of farmers can be realized when yield gain from the technologies results in meaningful income gain.This article aimed to assess economic impact of improved soybean (Bellessa-95) variety on income among farm households in Bambasi District, BGRS.In this study a multi-stage stratified sampling technique was employed to select rural kebeles and households.Three rural kebeles were selected randomly.Structured interview schedule was developed, pre-tested and used for collecting the essential quantitative data for the study from 134 randomly selected households.Descriptive statistics and propensity score machining (PSM) models were employed to analyze data.Results of descriptive analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between adopter and non-adopter households with distance to market, livestock ownership, and frequency of extension visit, farm income as well as number of oxen owned.Consistent with the findings of previous studies, regression results showed that adoption of improved soybean has a positive and significant effect on farm income by which adopters are better-off than non-adopters.Based on results obtained it is recommended to continuous training in improved soybean production.Promoting farmers to form or join cooperatives. Strengthening demonstration centers and Farmers Training Centers (FTC).Transaction costs should be reduced and scaling up and diffusion of improved soybean varieties in the study area should be broadened.

Maize is one of the most commonly cultivated arable crops in the rain forest zone of South Eastern Nigeria. Globally soil fertility and weed pressure are the most important constraints limiting increase productivity of Maize especially in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Unavailability and cost of inorganic fertilizer as well as cost of labour for weeding have engendered low productivity of maize. Hence this trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of maize-legume systems on weed suppression and maize performance. The trial was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria located within latitude 04°54’N and longitude 6°55’ E). The trial was conducted between April 4th and July 5th, 2017. The experiment was a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement fitted into a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 3 types of legume systems (Mucuna pruriens, Lablab purpurens and No legume) and three levels of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (0, 15, and 30 kg NPK/ha). The 9 treatment combinations were replicated thrice to give 27 plots. Data collected were on maize yield and yield components, weed and legume parameters at 4, 8 and 16 weeks after sowing (WAS). Result showed that legume significantly reduced weed biomass when compared to the natural fallow. The effect of weed biomass reduction was Mucuna 34.8% >Lablab 29.2%. The legume system significantly suppressed weed compared to natural fallow and the weed suppression ability average 56% and 30% respectively for Mucuna and Lablab whether or not they received NPK. Result of this trial also revealed that within 8 weeks after sowing legumes (8 WASL) 26% N and 22% N can be harvested by integrating this legume cover in cropping system and that NPK application has little or no effect in the performance of these legumes. Mucuna was not sensitive to fertilizer application while Lablab responded to fertilizer application. Maize was sensitive to Mucuna due to early integration; hence, it is recommended that these legumes be integrated at six weeks after sowing maize.

Field experiment was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture Teaching and Research Farm University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, South Eastern Region of Nigeria between March and September 2017; to evaluate the effect of planted short fallow legume cover crop on maize performance and weed growth. The experimental design was a 5 x 2 factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a plot size of 4 m x 4 m with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four different legumes cover species fallow and a natural fallow as follows: Mucuna [Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC var. utilis), Lablab (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet), Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill spp)], Centrosema (Centrosema pascuorum (L.) and a natural fallow (No Legume Cover) and two levels of inorganic fertilizer as NPK 15: 15: 15 (0 and 15 Kg ha-1 NPK). All legume cover growth characteristics were negatively correlated with weed cover and weed dry weight (r = -0.58 and r = -0.59 at P=0.0001). Legume dry weight had a positive correlation with all maize parameter (r =0.64 at P=0.0001) except for stem diameter (r = -0.43 at P=0.0051). Similarly, all weed attributes were negatively correlated to maize parameters. Maize height was better in plots that received short fallow legumes than natural fallow. There was increase in soil Nitrogen level after 10 weeks of fallow. Legume cover crop short fallow has the potentials for weed suppression, soil fertility and productivity improvement in maize culture.

Ecosystem services are ecological goods and services that come from a healthy ecosystem, categorized into four broad groups: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural. Nigeria's aquatic resources have limited data, and available information on exploitation is dismal. This chapter gives an insight into the aquatic resources of Nigeria and their contribution to the economy. There are water, plants, fish, and other aquatic vertebrates resources that are used for food. Aquatic resources have contributed to the development of agriculture and tourism and provided basic and transitional materials for industries, shelter, and breeding sites for game birds and other avian migrants. Conservation practices recommended include rainwater harvesting, prevention of water pollution, use of gray water, and tree planting. Some efforts of Nigerian wetland conservation are policy based. Ecosystem services seem not to be organized in Nigeria in terms of valuation, measurement, exploitation, management, payment systems, conservation, and growth.

Objective: The study was to evaluate melon tolerance and weeds susceptibility to Primextra {Primextra- Gold 660g/L (atrazine (370g/l) + S-metolachlor (290 g/l SC)}. Methodology and results: The Field studies were conducted in 2013 and 2014 planting seasons at Faculty of Agriculture Farm, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, (latitude 04 o 54 538’N, and longitude 006 o 55 329’E; 17m above sea level), Nigeria. Seven rates of primextra (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.98 kg ai ha -1 ), applied as pre-emergence were compared with a untreated control (no primextra).The 8 treatments were fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated three times. Melon was planted 3 seeds per hole at a spacing of 1m ×0.5m (20,000plants/ha). Result from this study showed that both melon and weeds were susceptible to all Primextra rates but melon tolerated low doses of Primextra in the range of 0.25 – 0.75 kg ai//ha than higher rates. Weeds were more susceptible to higher Primextra rates between 1.0 and 1.98 g ai/ha. Susceptibility of weeds to Primextra rates of 0.25 – 0.75 kg ai /ha and 1.0 – 1.98 kg ai/ha accounted for about 76.2 % and 74 % weed control efficiency respectively. Results also showed that melon tolerated Primextra doses of 0.25 to 0.75 kg ai /ha and thus reached a mean ground cover of F 40 % to F 80 % when compared to the untreated plot. Melon fruit yield from the Primextra treated plots had about 23.5% (1659 Kg/ha) yield advantage over the untreated control plot (1269kg/ha). Mean fruit yield with the herbicide rates were as follows: 1959.5 kg/ha (0.25- 0.75 kg ai/ha); 1430 kg/ha (1.0 – 1.98 kg ai/ha) and 974.5kg/ha (1.50 -1.98 kg ai/ha). Susceptibility of weeds to Primextra increased as application dose increased. The implication of this result is that melon may find a tolerable dose of Primextra-Gold for integration in maize-melon cropping systems. Conclusion and application of results: Farmers can intercrop either simultaneously egusi-melon with maize or relay egusi-melon into maize and use primextra for pre-emergence weed control, at a dose not greater than 0.25-0.75 kg ai/ha for good yield and acceptable weed control. This can be applied in maize-melon cropping systems with melon either simultaneously or in relayed intercropping to reduce the effect manual weeding on melon especially during flowering and fruiting. Keywords: PrimextraGold, melon, Tolerance, weed

Objective: The study was to evaluate melon tolerance and weeds susceptibility to Primextra {Primextra- Gold 660g/L (atrazine (370g/l) + S-metolachlor (290 g/l SC)}. Methodology and results: The Field studies were conducted in 2013 and 2014 planting seasons at Faculty of Agriculture Farm, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, (latitude 04 o 54 538’N, and longitude 006 o 55 329’E; 17m above sea level), Nigeria. Seven rates of primextra (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.98 kg ai ha -1 ), applied as pre-emergence were compared with a untreated control (no primextra).The 8 treatments were fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design, replicated three times. Melon was planted 3 seeds per hole at a spacing of 1m ×0.5m (20,000plants/ha). Result from this study showed that both melon and weeds were susceptible to all Primextra rates but melon tolerated low doses of Primextra in the range of 0.25 – 0.75 kg ai//ha than higher rates. Weeds were more susceptible to higher Primextra rates between 1.0 and 1.98 g ai/ha. Susceptibility of weeds to Primextra rates of 0.25 – 0.75 kg ai /ha and 1.0 – 1.98 kg ai/ha accounted for about 76.2 % and 74 % weed control efficiency respectively. Results also showed that melon tolerated Primextra doses of 0.25 to 0.75 kg ai /ha and thus reached a mean ground cover of F 40 % to F 80 % when compared to the untreated plot. Melon fruit yield from the Primextra treated plots had about 23.5% (1659 Kg/ha) yield advantage over the untreated control plot (1269kg/ha). Mean fruit yield with the herbicide rates were as follows: 1959.5 kg/ha (0.25- 0.75 kg ai/ha); 1430 kg/ha (1.0 – 1.98 kg ai/ha) and 974.5kg/ha (1.50 -1.98 kg ai/ha). Susceptibility of weeds to Primextra increased as application dose increased. The implication of this result is that melon may find a tolerable dose of Primextra-Gold for integration in maize-melon cropping systems. Conclusion and application of results: Farmers can intercrop either simultaneously egusi-melon with maize or relay egusi-melon into maize and use primextra for pre-emergence weed control, at a dose not greater than 0.25-0.75 kg ai/ha for good yield and acceptable weed control. This can be applied in maize-melon cropping systems with melon either simultaneously or in relayed intercropping to reduce the effect manual weeding on melon especially during flowering and fruiting. Keywords: PrimextraGold, melon, Tolerance, weed

The study examined factors influencing the adoption of cassava post-harvest processing technology among farmers in Abia North, Abia state, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) farmers were randomly selected from five Local Government Areas of the state. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and adoption model using logit regression. The results showed that majority of the famers were male who are still productive, married with large household sizes. Most of the farmers adopted cassava processing technologies and utilized the garri product. The results also indicated that income level of the farmer, number of processing equipment, household size and years of experience in farming business positively influenced the adoption of post-harvest processing technology among households in the study area and were each significant at 5 percent. The study call for policies aimed at increased awareness programmes and subsidies on processing machines to increase their adoption. Keywords : Cassava, Adoption, Utilization, Post-Harvest Technology, Abia State

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, during the wet seasons of 2013 and 2016 to evaluate the effect of intercropping on weed suppression and maize yield. The experiment consists of seven treatments namely: sole maize, sole egusimelon, sole watermelon, sole pumpkin, maize + egusimelon, maize + watermelon, and maize + pumpkin. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and replicated three times. Results showed that at 12 weeks after planting (WAP), intercrops reduced weed density by 43.22% and 59.66% in 2013 and 2016 cropping seasons. Average over the years at 12WAP showed that the highest weed smothering efficiency was in maize intercropped with egusi-melon (84.15%) while the lowest was in maize intercropped with pumpkin (60.37 %). In addition, maize intercropped with egusi-melon had the best land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.70 while maize intercropped with pumpkin had the least LER of 1.22. Since, egusimelon had the best weed smothering efficiency and LER in both years of the study; it is thus, recommended to farmers as a mean of weed suppression in maize.

A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), onehoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoeweedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.

The factors influencing farmers’ adoption and use intensity decisions on improved cassava varieties were investigated. Data collected from 510 cassava farmers randomly selected among the users (62.9%) and non-users (37.1%) from Abia State, south-east, Nigeria were used for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics and tobit regression technique, with its associated elasticity decomposition framework were used in data analysis. Results revealed that plot size (p<0.01), farmer’s age (p<0.01), education status (p<0.01), and awareness through workshop and trainings (p<0.05) had significant positive influences on adoption and use while awareness through friends (p<0.01) and radio/television (p<0.01) had negative influences. Results were consistent for all three variants of the regression output considered. Elasticity results showed that the marginal effects of changes in all variables increased the elasticity of the probability of use more than they increased the probability of adoption for all households. The implication is that constant training and retraining of farmers on best farming and management practices would foster adoption and use of improved varieties to impact on the farmers’ wellbeing. Interactions among farmers during meetings, co-operatives, and other non-formal forums should be encouraged, but appropriately monitored, to ensure that only right messages were circulated to avoid distortion and negative outcomes. Keywords: adoption decisions, Manihot esculenta , improved varieties, rural farmers, tobit, use intensity

A Screen house study was carried out to determine the weed seed bank diversity following preemergence weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) farm. The Soil used for the study was collected from Faculty of Agriculture Research and Teaching farm (04o 90 889`N and 006o 92 240` E a.s.L 2,7 m ) of the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria (04o 54 538eN and 006o 55 329e; a.s.l. 17m) . The weed seed bank study was conducted at the Green house, Centre of Ecological study University of Port Harcourt. Soil for this study was collected at three depths-0-5cm, 5-10cm and 10-15cm respectively. Nine core samples were collected in a diagonal transect from each maize plot in a manner that depicts a \Z. and bulk for each soil depth. The soil for the study was collected 40 weeks after the pre-emergence maize herbicides treatment from previously treated maize weed control trial. The herbicide treatments were as follows: Primextra Gold at 1.5kg ai ha-1 ; Primextra Gold at 3.0kg ai ha -1 ; Pendimethalin + Atrazine at 1.0 + 1.0kg ai ha -1 ; Pendimethalin + Atrazine at 2.0 + 2.0 kg ai ha -1 ; Gardoprim A (Atrazine + Terbutylazine) at 1.0kg ai ha -1 ; Gardoprim A (Atrazine + Terbutylazine) at 2.0kg ai ha-1. Hand Weeded x 2 (3+6 WAP), Unweeded and Weed Free treatments were the controls. The size of the pots used was 0.029m2. Result shows that hand weeded treatments: weedfree (0.996), weed x 2 (1.069) had lower diversity indices compared to the herbicides with a mean index of 1.34 and the unweeded with an index of 1.187. It was also observed that the pre-emergence herbicides used may have controlled grasses more than broad-leaved weeds. The result of this study showed that the herbicide (Pendimethalin + Atrazine) at 2.0 +2.0kg ai ha -1 was more effective in reducing weed seeds (seed bank) than the other five herbicide treated plots, with a mean diversity index value of 1.083, while the highest weed diversity was recorded in plot treated with Gardoprim A herbicide (Atrazine +Terbutylazine) at 2.0 +2.0kg ai ha -1 , with a mean diversity index of 1.260. . The mean average weed diversity was highest (1.214) in 0-5cm soil depth followed by 1.149 in 5-10cm soil depth and then 1.068 in 10-15cm depth. This shows that as soil depth increases the number of weed species decreases. The result also implied that Gardoprim A may not provide some residual control of late emerging weed seeds or seedlings that germinate several months after the initial treatment. This calls for a careful selection of appropriate pre-emergence weed control program in diverse arable cropping systems that will provide lasting weed control for late emerging weeds in the system. Keywords : Index of diversity, seedling emergence, soil depth and pre-emergence

SummaryImperata cylindrica is a noxious weed that infests annual and perennial crops in most tropical regions. High crop densities may offer opportunities to reduce I. cylindrica competition in small‐scale farming systems. The competitive ability of maize relative to I. cylindrica was evaluated in an addition series experiment in the forest savannah transition zone in 2006 and 2007 at Ibadan, Nigeria. Maize and I. cylindrica were planted in eight monoculture densities (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 32, 48 and 64 plants m−2) and in a 1:1 mixture at eight total densities (2:2, 4:4, 6:6, 8:8, 10:10, 16:16, 24:24 and 32:32 maize: I. cylindrica plants m−2) as in monoculture. Non‐linear regression models were used to relate crop and weed shoot biomass to their densities and total grain yield to maize density. In maize, intraspecific competition was more than interspecific competition; in I. cylindrica, interspecific competition was higher than intraspecific. As expected, total grain yield was lower in the mixture than in maize monoculture at all total densities. Average maize grain yield in maize monoculture differed from that in mixtures by 0.77 t ha−1 in 2006 and 0.57 t ha−1 in 2007. Niche differentiation indices were <1 in 2006 and >1 in 2007, indicating that both species competed for similar resources in 2006, but not in 2007. The greater competitive ability of maize over I. cylindrica may be associated with rapid growth and canopy development observed in the field.

Field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of intercropping pattern in reducing weed infestation in okra, maize and pepper intercrop; at the teaching and research farm of Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, Nigeria during 2009 and 2010 cropping season. Three intercropping pattern namely; alternate row intercropping, strip row intercropping and mixed intercropping were compared to sole cropping in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. The result reveal that weed biomass were significantly lower in both years in all forms of intercropping pattern compared to sole cropping or mono-cropping. Weed smothering efficiency in both years showed that mixed pattern (45.7%) >alternate row pattern (33.4%) > strip row pattern (11.5%). Crop yield were better in an intercrop system for maize and pepper in both years compared to sole crop. However, mean okra fruit yield was highest in sole cropping (3253 kg ha-1) when compared to intercropping pattern. Maize yield was highest in mixed pattern (8,987 kg ha-1) and lowest in sole cropping (6,955 kg ha-1) while pepper fruit yield was highest in strip row pattern (5,435 kg ha-1) and lowest in mixed pattern (1,562 kg ha-1). The results from this study have shown that intercropping pattern has a great potential in reducing weed infestation in cropping systems especially in farming system with low external input. However, the effect of the intercrop pattern on yield may be variable, because viability may depend on the adaptation of planting pattern and selection of compatible crops. Key words: Intercropping pattern, weed infestation, land equivalent ratio (LER).

Cassava is an important food security crop among smallholder farmers in Southern Nigeria, because it can tolerate drought, low soil fertility and its production requires minimum external inputs. In most African countries. cassava is becoming important cash crop that has high potential for use as an industrial raw material to manufacture starch and flour. The use of cassava flour in confectionery industries recently in Nigeria is new and fast gaining ground. One major constraint faced by the cassava industrial sector is inadequate supply of raw material to boast the industry. This has been attributed to poor yield and harvest from farmers' field, due to several and interrelated factors. Most significant of these factors is lack of large-scale adoption and cultivation of improved cassava varieties. Various constraints have militated against the widespread adoption of improved cassava varieties, with effect evidenced in the poor supply of raw material need of cassava based agro-processors. This study examined these factors in eight States of Southern Nigeria. using the probit model. Sixty-eight cassava farmers from the eight project states were randomly selected using a multi-stage random sampling procedure during 2008/2009 planting season. Results of the study showed that 23.5% of the respondents were females, while majorities (76.5%) were male. Only about 46% of the farmers were in their productive years (21-50 years), while the majority (54.0%) consisted of those who were >50 years. The average of the farmers was about 50 years, with more than 50% having greater than 15 years farming experience. About 59% of the respondents were basically small-holder farmers with farm size less than one hectare; while 41% had farm size between 1 and >= 5 ha. Of the 68 respondents, majority (60%) farm on family land. while 40% of them were leaseholders. Land use practices varied among the farmers. Results indicated that 73% of 68 farmers who responded adopted fair land use practices while 16% observed good land use practices. However, about 11% of the respondents maintained a poor land use practice. The results of this study also showed that 66% of the farmers adopted improved cassava variety, either solely or in combination with local varieties; while about 34% of the farmers still rely on their local variety. However, less than 30% of the farmers using improved variety adopted improved crop management practices. Yield from the farmers' field averaged 13.6 ton ha(-1). The study also observed that 68% of the cassava roots sold for family income, were sold at the farm-gate, village and urban markets, and seldom to the agro-processors: while 32% were reserved for household consumption. The coefficient for gender, cassava yield and farming experience were positively related to adoption of improved varieties. However, gender and yield had a significant relationship at 5% level of probability, while years of farming experience was not significant at 5% but at 10% level. Land ownership on the other hand had negative effect, significant at 5% level of probability. Implicit in these results is that farming experience and level of yield obtained may determine a farmer's willingness to commercially adopt improved variety. Similarly, the profitability arising from increased yield from improved variety may prompt more farmers to adopt and hence expand their holding and land use, with more leaseholder of land increasing.

Various factors influencing the adoption of weed control technologies in Abia State were studied. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 510 cassava farmers in 2006. Results showed that 56.5% of the respondents were females, that are largely (90.2%) in their productive years. Most (78.8%) of the total respondents were married, 83.3% attended formal schooling, 74.9% had households of more than 5 persons. All the respondents were basically smallholder farmers; with 46.9% were full time farmers. Fifty percent of the respondents had secure tenurial arrangements; 92.9% had more than 6 years of farming experience. Probit analysis shows that factors related to the adoption of weed control technologies were gender at 5% in the negative direction in Abia North (Zone I) and 10% in the positive direction in Abia Central (Zone 2); age at 5% negatively in Zone 1, educational status at 5% in the positive direction in Zone I and 10% pooled (entire State), house-hold size at 5% and 1% positively in Zone 2 and the entire State, respectively. The coefficient for yield was positive and highly significant in Zone I and the entire State, the tenurial system was negative and significant at 5% level in Zone 2, as well as application problems but at 5% in Zone 1 and 10% pooled. Training on weed control and average income was positive and significant at 1% as well as farming experience at 5%. The coefficient for no definite market was negative and significant at 5% in Zone I. The coefficient for the high cost of chemicals had a negative relationship with the adoption of chemical weed control technologies and was significant at the 1% level in Zone 2 and the entire State. The probit model for Abia South (Zone 3) could not be estimated because the percentages responding at all doses were the same. Hence policies should be adopted aimed at improving the educational levels of the farmers and encouraging the experienced farmers to increase adoption would be necessary; there is a need for the intensification of training and educational programs for the potential adopters of the weed control practices; programs that target both gender groups to ensure the equitable adoption of chemical control practices between males and females. Policies need to be designed to convert tenurial arrangements to more secure forms to increase the rate of adoption of weed control technology by the creation of markets for cassava, and the provision and subsidization of chemicals for weed control.