Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils severely impairs plant physiological function by disrupting nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and redox homeostasis. Previous studies have established that heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) induce oxidative stress, membrane damage, and metabolic imbalance in plants, and that flavonoids can act as antioxidants to mitigate some of these effects. However, the specific mechanistic role of hesperidin in regulating plant physiological responses under heavy metal stress in canola remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous hesperidin application on canola (Brassica napus L.) exposed to Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu stress. Hesperidin treatment enhanced enzymatic antioxidant systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and stabilizing membrane integrity. In addition, hesperidin regulated osmolyte metabolism (proline and soluble sugars) and restored ion homeostasis, leading to improved nutrient acquisition and photosynthetic efficiency. These coordinated responses demonstrate that hesperidin functions as a physiological regulator, integrating antioxidant defense and metabolic adjustment to confer resilience against heavy metal toxicity. The novelty of this work lies in identifying hesperidin's dual role in modulating both redox balance and osmolyte metabolism, thereby providing new mechanistic insight into flavonoid-mediated stress tolerance. Our findings highlight hesperidin as a potential biotechnological tool to improve crop performance and resilience in contaminated environments.

Wastewater irrigation negatively affects plant growth by limiting nutrient uptake, disrupting chlorophyll synthesis and function, and intensifying oxidative stress. Despite promising laboratory findings, field-based evidence on microbial mitigation of wastewater-induced stress remains limited, highlighting the need for practical validation under realistic agricultural conditions. Wastewater treatment significantly reduced the uptake of essential nutrients, including nitrogen (N), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), resulting in suppressed plant growth. Moreover, oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity increased markedly, indicating enhanced membrane damage and cellular stress. In contrast, inoculation with A. schindleri SR-5–1 improved nutrient acquisition and strengthened the antioxidant defense system. Treated plants showed increased activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), were also elevated, contributing to reduced oxidative damage. These physiological improvements were accompanied by enhanced biomass accumulation and higher chlorophyll content. Overall, this field-based validation demonstrates that A. schindleri SR-5–1 is an effective and eco-friendly bioinoculant that improves nutrient use efficiency, mitigates oxidative stress, and sustains pea plant growth under wastewater-irrigated conditions.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soils disrupts plant signaling networks, impairing nutrient communication, photosynthetic efficiency, and stress responses. Microbial inoculants offer eco-biotechnological solutions by modulating signal perception and transduction under heavy metal stress. This field study investigated the role of Acinetobacter schindleri strain SR-5-1 in influencing pea (Pisum sativum L.) signaling pathways under Cd toxicity. Plants exposed to environmentally relevant Cd concentrations (250 and 500 µM) exhibited disrupted chlorophyll biosynthesis, elevated oxidative stress markers, and impaired nutrient signaling. Inoculation with SR-5-1 restored chlorophyll levels, enhanced ROS-scavenging enzyme activities, and reduced lipid peroxidation, indicating microbial effects on oxidative signaling cascades. Importantly, the inoculated plants accumulated less Cd in the roots and leaves, reflecting microbial mediation of ion transporter activity and rhizosphere detoxification. SR-5-1 also improved nitrogen, iron, zinc, potassium, and magnesium acquisition, highlighting its role in nutrient uptake and homeostasis. These findings demonstrate that SR-5-1 functions as a bio-communicator, alleviating xenobiotic stress by modulating ROS and nutrient signaling pathways. The study underscores the ecological relevance of microbial inoculants in supporting integrative plant communication and resilience, positioning SR-5-1 as a promising bioresource for signaling-driven sustainable agriculture in Cd-affected soils.

Due to limited water availability, wastewater irrigation (WWI) is increasingly relevant in agriculture. However, WWI contains excessive salts, heavy metals, and nutrient imbalances that suppress plant growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, the effect of wastewater irrigation (WWI) at 75

Citrulline (CITRN) is a potent radical scavenger and osmolyte that plays a crucial role in plant drought stress tolerance. However, its role in mitigating chromium (Cr) phytotoxicity has not been studied yet. This study was conducted to appraise the potential of CITRN seed priming (1, 2, and 3 mM) for alleviating Cr toxicity (20 mg kg‒1 soil) in sunflower plants. Chromium toxicity resulted in higher oxidative stress and membrane injury in plants, as evident by higher levels of superoxide radicals (O2·‾), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL). Plants under Cr toxicity displayed higher cytotoxic methylglyoxal (MG) levels and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, which exacerbated cellular damage. Consequently, plants suffered a significant reduction in growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, total soluble proteins, leaf relative water content, and nutrient uptake. Chromium toxicity compromised photosystem II (PSII) health as reflected by diminished maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), quenching coefficient (qP), and quantum efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII). However, CITRN significantly enhanced plant growth, chlorophyll concentration, PSII health, and nutrient acquisition by regulating reactive oxygen species scavenging, secondary metabolic pathways, and ionic equilibrium under Cr toxicity. Citrulline upregulated antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification in Cr-stressed plants. Furthermore, CITRN conferred protection against Cr-induced toxicity by elevating hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, glutathione, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds that boosted antioxidant defense and mitigated oxidative damage. The present study elucidates CITRN-priming as a potential strategy to mitigate Cr toxicity in Helianthus annuus plants.

Taurine (TAR) intricately mediates a plethora of physiological processes. This investigation aimed to elucidate the impact of TAR (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1) seed priming on redox homeostasis, glutathione metabolism, photosynthetic efficiency, osmotic adjustment and nutrient acquisition in pea plants subjected to 100 mm salinity of neutral (NaCl and Na2SO4) and alkaline (Na2CO3) salts. Salinity diminished growth, chlorophyll, and photosynthetic efficiency alongside a concurrent rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and relative membrane permeability. Seed priming with 150 mg L-1 TAR efficiently enhanced growth by reducing oxidative damage to plants under salinity. Taurine enhanced leaf relative water content through osmotic adjustment facilitated by the induced accumulation of proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and total free amino acids. Taurine increased the levels of antioxidant compounds and the activities of enzymes, which assisted in the detoxification of ROS and methylglyoxal. Taurine maintained chlorophyll integrity and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency by alleviating oxidative stress. Taurine diminished Na content, which improved the acquisition of essential nutrients under the salinity of neutral and alkaline salts. The results suggest that TAR has a potential role in maintaining ion homeostasis, crucial for enhancing pea tolerance to salt stress.

Contamination of vegetables with heavy metals and microplastics is a major environmental and human health concern. This study investigated the role of taurine (TAE) in alleviating arsenic (As) and polyvinyl chloride microplastic (MP) toxicity in broccoli plants. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with four replicates per treatment. Plants were grown in soil spiked with MP (200 mg kg‒1), As (42.8 mg kg‒1), and their combination (As + MP) with or without taurine (TAE; 100 mg L‒1) foliar supplementation. Results demonstrated that MP, As, and As + MP toxicity markedly decreased growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake in broccoli plants. Exposure to individual or combined MP and As increased oxidative damage, indicated by elevated methylglyoxal (MG), superoxide radical (O2⋅‒), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (⋅OH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels alongside intensified lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and leaf relative membrane permeability (RMP). Histochemical analyses revealed higher lipid peroxidation, membrane damage as well as increased H2O2 and O2•‒ levels in the leaves of stressed plants. Micropalstic and As toxicity deteriorated anatomical structures, with diminished leaf and root epidermal thickness, cortex thickness, and vascular bundle area. However, TAE improved the antioxidant enzyme activities, endogenous ascorbate–glutathione pools, hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide levels that reduced H2O2, O2⋅‒, ⋅OH, RMP, MDA, and activity of LOX. Taurine elevated osmolyte accumulation that protected membrane integrity, resulting in increased leaf relative water content and plant biomass. Plants supplemented with TAE demonstrated improved anatomical structures, resulting in diminished As uptake and its associated phytotoxicity. These findings highlight that TAE improved redox balance, osmoregulation, ion homeostasis, and anatomical structures, augmenting tolerance to As and MP toxicity in broccoli.

Taurine (TAU) has recently been found to have an impactful role in regulating plant responses under abiotic stresses. This study presented the comparative effects of TAU seed priming and foliar spray application on chickpea plants exposed to hexavalent chromium. Taurine priming and foliar applications (1.6 and 2.4 mM) notably modulated morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of plants under Cr(VI) stress. Plants subjected to 25 mg kg-1 soil Cr in the form of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) displayed a significant reduction in growth, chlorophyll, and uptake of essential nutrients (N, K, P, and Ca). Cr(VI) toxicity also resulted in a notable increase in osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, relative membrane permeability, ROS generation, antioxidant enzyme activities, antioxidant compounds, endogenous Cr levels, and aerial Cr translocation. Taurine abridged lipoxygenase activity to diminish lipid peroxidation owing to the overproduction of ROS initiated by a higher Cr content. The acquisition and assimilation of essential nutrients were augmented by the TAU-related decrease in leaf and root Cr levels. Consequently, TAU enhanced growth by mitigating oxidative damage, reducing Cr content in the aerial parts, and reinforcing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Compared to foliar spray, TAU seed priming has demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating Cr phytotoxicity in plants.

Citrulline (CITR) is a strong osmolyte and hydroxyl radical scavenger. However, no previous study has reported the ameliorative role of CITR under salinity stress. We found a significant decrease in growth, chlorophyll content, SPAD value, photosynthesis, leaf relative water content, and nutrient acquisition in sunflower plants exposed to salinity (15 dS m‒1). Salinity caused substantial oxidative damage through elevating the levels of superoxide radicals (O2•‒), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), leaf relative membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of lipoxygenase (LOX). Plants subjected to salinity manifested a higher buildup of methylglyoxal (MG), further exacerbating the cellular damage. However, CITR seed priming (1, 2, and 3 mM) partially relieved the negative repercussions of salinity by promoting the activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Consequently, plants raised from CITR-primed seeds suffered less from oxidative damage and exhibited lower generation of O2·‒, H2O2, ·OH, MG, MDA, and activity of LOX. Plants under CITR supplementation exhibited higher chlorophyll content and improved efficiency of photosystem II as evidenced by higher values of maximum efficiency of photosystem-II (Fv/Fm), fraction of open PSII centers (qL), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP). Citrulline priming enhanced plant resilience under salinity by improving hormonal balance, promoting polyamine accumulation, and sustaining photosynthetic performance. CITR bettered osmotic regulation through increased accumulation of osmolytes such as proline, glycine betaine, and total soluble sugars. Citrulline improved nutrient acquisition and diminished excess Na buildup, preventing specific ion toxicity and osmotic stress.

This research explored how exogenous application of allicin can assist wheat plants in coping with the stress caused by chromium (Cr). The findings indicate that Cr toxicity (30 mg kg-1) conspicuously reduced biomass, chlorophyll content, and leaf relative water content (LRWC) in wheat plants. A significant surge in oxidative stress, as demonstrated by higher levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and malondialdehyde alongside elevated lipoxygenase activity and electrolyte leakage percentage, was noticed in Cr-stressed plants. Chromium toxicity also induced higher methylglyoxal generation in plants. Allicin foliar administration (50, 100, and 200 µM) visibly curtailed Cr phytotoxicity and improved biomass. Allicin applied as 200 µM maximally subsided oxidative stress by augmenting the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase(CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), as well as the levels of ascorbate and reduced glutathione (GSH). Higher endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in allicin-treated plants further stimulated the antioxidant defense system of Cr-challenged plants. Allicin supplementation maintained GSH : GSSG ratio in Cr-stressed plants, suggesting a better redox balance. A noticeable accretion of soluble sugars, flavonoids, and phenolics due to allicin safeguarded plants from metal-induced damage and its associated oxidative stress. These findings highlight that exogenous application of allicin can be used as a promising strategy to alleviate Cr toxicity in wheat plants. Future studies should assess the effectiveness of exogenous allicin application in other cereal crops under controlled and field conditions. Additionally, exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying metal stress tolerance in allicin-treated plants will deepen our understanding.

The present study was performed to examine the potential of coumarin and hesperidin to subside the phytotoxic effects of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) in castor bean plants. Metal toxicity diminished growth, chlorophyll, and antioxidant pigments, alongside a profound diminution in relative water content. Conversely, metal toxicity initiates a surge in the accumulation of amino acids, soluble sugars, proline, and glycine betaine, which indicates osmotic adjustment in plants. Metal toxicity diminished nitrate reductase activity, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and heightened oxidative injury. In stressed plants, enhanced lipoxygenase (LOX) activity exacerbated membrane lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant enzyme activities decreased while the levels of flavonoids, phenolics, reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased, accompanied by a reduction in the GSH:GSSG ratio. Plants experienced impaired nutrient acquisition under metal toxicity. Coumarin and hesperidin increased nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide levels, which might have restored the redox balance. Consequently, plants administered coumarin and hesperidin manifested more profound levels of chlorophyll, strengthened antioxidant system, efficient ROS detoxification, and diminished oxidative damage that, in turn, restored cellular homeostasis. Coumarin and hesperidin remarkably ebbed aerial translocation of metals, thereby preventing colossal metal accumulation in leaves.

Taurine (TRN) plays a paramount function in protecting against reactive oxygen species (ROS), effectively curbing lipid peroxidation in biological membranes. Additionally, TRN plays a pivotal role in the osmoregulation. Nevertheless, there is a gap in understanding the mechanisms through which TRN brings cellular homeostasis and redox balance, upholds glutathione pool, and curtails copper phytotoxic effects. The current investigation was initiated to assess the impact of TRN seed priming (0.5 and 1 mM) as a mitigative approach to counteract the phytotoxic effects of copper stress (50, 100, and 150 μM) on canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Copper (Cu) toxicity (50, 100, and 150 μM) notably subsided growth attributes, photosystem efficiency, photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water content, and acquisition of essential nutrients in plants. Plants encountered increased oxidative injury due to a visible surge in ROS (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals), methylglyoxal, lipoxygenase activity, and lipid peroxidation. A profound increase in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and levels of non-enzymatic compounds was recorded in plants under Cu stress. Taurine priming significantly diminished oxidative injury by promoting the antioxidant system and visibly abated methylglyoxal levels alongside increasing hydrogen sulphide and nitric oxide content. Plants subjected to TRN-priming exhibited a minimal accumulation of Cu content in aerial parts that could have curbed oxidative stress. The mitigation of oxidative stress notably improves electron transport, photosystem II integrity, and energy dissipation mechanisms. Our study conclusively illustrates that TRN-priming is an efficacious strategy for alleviating the detrimental impacts of Cu toxicity on canola plants. Taurine application reduced oxidative damage and Cu buildup inside plant parts to promote growth, chlorophyll content, ROS metabolism, and methylglyoxal detoxification.

Hesperidin (HSP), a flavonoid, is a potent antioxidant, metal chelator, mediator of signaling pathways, and regulator of metal uptake in plants. The study examined the ameliorative effects of HSP (100 μM) on Bassia scoparia grown under excessive levels of heavy metals (zinc (500 mg kg−1), copper (400 mg kg−1), cadmium (100 mg kg−1), and chromium (100 mg kg−1)). The study clarifies the underlying mechanisms by which HSP lessens metabolic mayhem to enhance metal stress tolerance and phytoremediation efficiency of Bassia scoparia. Plants manifested diminished growth because of a drop in chlorophyll content and nutrient acquisition, along with exacerbated deterioration of cellular membranes reflected in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and relative membrane permeability. Besides the colossal production of cytotoxic methylglyoxal, the activity of lipoxygenase was also higher in plants under metal toxicity. Conversely, hesperidin suppressed the production of cytotoxic ROS and methylglyoxal. Hesperidin improved oxidative defense that protected membrane integrity. Hesperidin caused a more significant accumulation of osmolytes, non-protein thiols, and phytochelatins, thereby rendering metal ions non-toxic. Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide endogenous levels were intricately maintained higher in plants treated with HSP. Hesperidin increased metal accumulation in Bassia scoparia and thereby had the potential to promote the reclamation of metal-contaminated soils.

Under the current climate change scenario, water stress is one of the key factors that reduce the production of crops. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an efficient endogenous plant hormone that shows a vital role in plant growth and development. Production of canola (Brassica napus L.) and its oil contents are severely affected under drought stress. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential of GA3 in alleviating drought stress in canola. Three levels of GA3 (G0 = 0 mg L−1, G1 = 100 mg L−1, and G2 = 150 mg L−1) as foliar applications were applied under two drought-stress conditions (D1 for three days of drought stress and D2 for six days of drought stress) on two canola varieties (Punjab canola and Faisal canola). Irrigation was applied after 3 weeks of germination, while foliar application of GA3 was done at intervals of 4 and 5 weeks after germination. When comparing the output of all the GA3 treatments, it was noticed that in G0 = 0 mg L−1 (control plants), water-stress conditions markedly reduced plant production and seed oil contents but increased protein and linoleic acid. With the application of G2 = 150 mg L−1, the maximum values of plant height (90.83 cm), no. of siliqua plant−1 (15.50), seed siliqua−1 (15.55), siliqua length (5.08 cm), relative water contents (77.60%), yield plant−1 (0.46 g), chlorophyll a (0.62), carotenoid contents (39.52), and oleic acid contents (60.20) were recorded under drought stress. Based on these results, it is concluded that the adverse effect of drought stress on different yield parameters of canola could be ameliorated by the exogenous application of GA3 through foliar application at a dose of 150 mg L–1. Moreover, the same treatment improves the quality parameters, i.e., the oleic acid contents of the oil, obtained from the canola.

Salt toxicity in agricultural soils is a principal abiotic constraint that limits crop growth, development, and yield. The employment of potential selection markers for screening salt-tolerant wheat cultivars is crucial for conventional breeding programs and molecular biology approaches that may ensure sustainable wheat production under saline soils. The current experiment explored the tolerance potential of ten wheat cultivars to salt stress (150 mM) by utilizing various growth, biomass, physiological, and biochemical traits. Salt stress significantly abated growth-related parameters, leaf relative water content (LRWC), SPAD, gas exchange attributes, total soluble proteins (TSP), and anthocyanins in all wheat cultivars. The drop in these attributes was more visible alongside higher oxidative stress mirrored as excessive accumulation of oxidative stress markers such as superoxide radicals (O2⋅‒), methylglyoxal (MG), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in salt-sensitive cultivars than salt-tolerant cultivars. Salinity stress caused disequilibrium in ionic uptake with an apparent decline in K, P, and Ca content with a concomitant increase in the accumulation of Na in both leaves and roots of all wheat cultivars, with a more visible effect in salt-sensitive cultivars. Further, salt-tolerant cultivars displayed greater root Na content. Salt-sensitive cultivars failed to maintain the K/Na ratio under salt toxicity. In contrast, salt-tolerant cultivars displayed better growth, gas exchange attributes, and strengthened antioxidant systems alongside lower oxidative stress. Moreover, salt-tolerant cultivars exhibited a higher accumulation of osmolytes, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide. Therefore, these physiological and biochemical markers could be promising for screening tolerant wheat cultivars under salinity.

Nickel (Ni) contamination and its associated hazardous effects on human health and plant growth are ironclad. However, the potential remedial effects of taurine (TAU) on Ni-induced stress in plants remain obscure. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of TAU seed priming (100 and 150 mg L‒1) as an alleviative strategy to circumvent the phytotoxic effects of Ni (150 mg kg‒1) on two canola cultivars (Ni-tolerant cv. Shiralee and Ni-sensitive cv. Dunkeld). Our results manifested an apparent decline in growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total soluble proteins, nitrate reductase activity, and nutrient acquisition (N, P, K, Ca) under Ni toxicity. Further, Ni toxicity led to a substantial increase in oxidative stress reflected as higher levels of superoxide radicals (O2•‒) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) alongside increased relative membrane permeability, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and Ni accumulation in leaves and roots. However, TAU protected canola plants from Ni-induced oxidative damage through the amplification of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production that intensified the antioxidant system to avert O2•‒, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Further, TAU-mediated increase in H2S levels maintained membrane integrity that might have improved ionomics and bettered plant growth under Ni toxicity.

Cereals are often subjected to a diverse array of biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stresses, which are inevitable, have a significant negative effect on cereal production potential around the planet. These environmental constraints, which include insufficient and irregular rainfall, alkalinity, salinity, and high temperatures, among others, not only restrict cereal yield but also appear to be gradually worsening. Given the current scenario, it is critical to adopt certain more advanced approaches that can effectively address environmental problems and increase crop yield. Among these, seed priming is a frequently used technology for increasing seed vigor and resistance to stress. Seed priming is the process of achieving a desired physiological condition by the use of natural or synthetic chemicals. Crop plants grown from primed seeds demonstrate an instantaneous cellular reaction to abiotic stresses. Resistance is acquired by primed seeds through a variety of cellular and metabolic pathways that include a series of signaling networks. Primed seeds have many benefits over conventional approaches, including standardized germination, decreased emergence and germination times, and a wide spectrum of disease and environmental stress resistance. Seed priming is a commonly used new technique to improve plant tolerance under abiotic stress conditions.

Rice, the world's second largest cereal grain, is a staple meal for more than half of the world's population. The unprecedented growth of the world's population has compelled mankind to expand food production. While rice yields have improved due to modern technologies, the current average yield is still 10–15% below potential. Rice plants are highly susceptible to different abiotic stresses. Nutrient deficiency, heavy metals, salinity, heat, and drought are all abiotic stresses that contribute to the dramatic decline in rice production under existing climatic changes. Plants respond to various environmental pressures by a sequence of biochemical and molecular modifications that are coordinated by a variety of phytohormones. Since plants cannot escape abiotic stress by shifting, they have evolved a variety of pathways for stress tolerance. Plants undergo diverse changes in biochemical mechanisms to better tolerate abiotic stresses. For instance, plants accumulate different osmolytes as a stress response, including inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, and glycine betaine which carry out osmotic adjustment under osmotic stress. Besides their role in osmotic adjustment, these organic compounds are involved in stabilizing proteins, reducing ions toxicity, preserving membrane integrity, scavenging reactive oxygen species, shielding cellular parts, balancing cellular redox, and strengthening antioxidant compounds. Besides, all plant species are incapable of accumulating or producing large quantities of these organic compounds under stress. Therefore, genetically modified plants containing transgenic genes encoding osmolytes synthesis could become a viable option for better rice production. Recent advances in plant molecular biology based on physiological stress response studies have allowed the discovery of several genes associated with stress resistance.