In the modern times, insecticides have grown to be an essential part of the atmosphere. Their full-size use in public health packages and agriculture has ended in capability environmental pollution and health risks, which relies upon their residual quantity and toxicity. The widespread uses cause general population to low dose of continual exposure of insecticides through meals and environment. The residue evaluation of human specimen suggests an increasing trend within the ranges of insecticides in serum, adipose tissue, breast milk, urine and others. Implications of pesticides residues on human fitness following subchronic publicity are but to be comprehensively answered. Subjection to insecticides can be closely associated with neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and injurious reproductive effects. Pesticides leads to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in significant quantities, resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damages. Findings of research have discovered a concomitant genotoxic and apoptotic effect of the pesticides in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Since genotoxic consequences of pesticides on humans cannot be overlooked, therefore identification and implication of protective measures are urgently needed. This have been tested that PBMCs go through dose-structured apoptotic cell demise following pesticide exposure and additionally highlights the effectiveness of various antioxidants in counteracting pesticide-precipitated cytotoxicity. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) have emerged as an antiapoptotic molecules which counteract cytotoxicity. The inducible expression analysis of HSPs ought to make contributions to the human PBMCs to get over the toxic results of subchronic pesticide exposure. Though the linkage between cellular events of apoptosis is thought, the molecular mechanism highlighting the precise function of HSP in pesticidemediated cytotoxicity yet stays to be comprehensively replied. To better understand this mechanism, different antioxidant and HSP inducers have been employed, and also highlighted their attenuating effects towards the apoptotic capacity of such pesticides. This review article therefore, focuses on the fact that antioxidants and HSP inducers efficiently protect cells, emphasizing their role in pesticide-induced toxicity at molecular and cellular level as well as their possible use as therapeutic intervention.

Herein, an ultrafast, sensor has been developed for trace-level detection of Ammonia (NH3) gas using hexagonal-shaped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The ZnO NPs were grown by low-cost eco-friendly green synthesis process and characterized by various techniques. The electron microscopic images reveal the synthesis of uniform, highly dense and hexagonal-shaped ZnO NPs. The UV-Vis spectra illustrate a band gap of 3.89eV. XRD, XPS and Raman studies explain the high-quality hexagonal wurtzite-structure of ZnO NPs showing presence of electronic/chemical states of ions. The NH3 gas sensing properties of ZnO NPs were evaluated at different concentrations. The sensor exhibited an excellent response value of 2.5 at 5 ppm NH3 wherein quick response time was 5 s and fastest recovery time was 8 s. The sensing results could be attributed to the optimum number of oxygen species and active sites which are responsible for enhanced performance of the developed ZnO NPs based sensor.

Processed food products can be contaminated by a variety of pathogenic and spoilage microbes. Those are the causative agents of foodborne diseases and cause significant economic losses in the food industries and human health. This was the basis of the present study, carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of Mangifera indica bark extract. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals was evaluated with antibiotic susceptible and resistant microorganisms. An attempt was made in this study to evaluate these properties to prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables at the time of transportation and storage. Parts of the Mango plants have multifarious uses as traditional and asthetic values as well as medicinal implications. Antioxidant property was also evaluated by DPPH method. Methanolic extract of mangifera bark was used to evaluate the properties of phytochemicals and their role as an effective antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. The antibacterial activity was tested against one Gram-positive-Staphylococcus aureus, and three Gram-negative-Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella human pathogenic bacteria; and two fungal strains― Candida albicans and Aspergilus niger. After evaluation, methanolic extract of Mangifera bark the presence of phytochemicals like, alkaloids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins and steroids. Zone of inhibition of extracts were compared with that of different standards like oxytetracycline, levofloxacin for antibacterial activity and fluconazole for antifungal activity. The results showed that the remarkable zone of inhibition against the bacterial growth ranged from 14 to 15 mm for pathogenic strain of bacteria. The zone of inhibition was observed first time of around 13 mm against the fungal strain. After the preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method, MIC & MBC were also determined against above mentioned bacteria ranged from 3.125 to 6.25 μg/mL. However MBC ranges from 1.562 to 3.125 μg/mL. The parameter IC50 (efficient concentration|| value) is used for the interpretation of the results from the DPPH method and the IC50 value for Mangifera indica is 94.04 μg/ml. Therefore, this plant can be used to isolate bioactive natural products and can be employed to control the food spoilage and to improve the quality of fruits and food products and may also play a vital role for the improvement of quality products for food industries. Keywords: Mango bark, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, hytochemicals, IC50, MIC, MBC

Background and Objectives: Prevention of food spoilage is usually achieved by use of chemical preservatives which have negative impacts human health.Due to such concerns it is necessary to find some natural preservatives.Within this text, the present study was designed to investigate the in vitro anti-microbial activities, MIC, MBC, phytochemical analysis and anti-oxidant activity of the acetone extract of bark of Tamarindus indica against the pathogenic micro-organisms.Materials and Methods: The in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity was performed by agar well diffusion method while the phytochemical analysis was investigated by different methods like Mayerʼs test, Ninhydrin test, Alkaline Reagent test, Ferric Chloride test, Froth test, Xanthoprotic test and Liebermann Burchard test.Antioxidant property was evaluated by DPPH method.Results: The T. indica bark shows the presence of phytochemicals like, phenolic compounds, tannins and steroids.The anti-microbial activity results were expressed as the average diameter of zone of inhibition.The acetone extract showed better anti-bacterial activity and with zone of inhibition (28-30 mm) and showed no anti-fungal activity when compared with other tested standard anti-biotic streptomycin (300 ppm) and trizol solution.The MIC of the acetone extracts ranged from 3.125-6.25µg mLG 1 .However, MBC ranges from 6.25-12.5 µg mLG 1 Extracts of T. indica bark also exhibited significant anti-oxidant activity, thus establishing the extracts as an anti-oxidant.Conclusion: The results obtained in this study give some scientific support to the T. indica bark for further investigation of compounds and in future could be used as drug and combinations of extracts may be the best herbal antibiotics.