Estimated breeding values (EBVs) and genomic enhanced breeding values (GEBVs) for milk production of young genotyped Holstein bulls were predicted using a conventional BLUP - Animal Model, a method fitting regression coefficients for loci (RRBLUP), a method utilizing the realized genomic relationship matrix (GBLUP), by a single-step procedure (ssGBLUP) and by a one-step blending procedure. Information sources for prediction were the nation-wide database of domestic Czech production records in the first lactation combined with deregressed proofs (DRP) from Interbull files (August 2013) and domestic test-day (TD) records for the first three lactations. Data from 2627 genotyped bulls were used, of which 2189 were already proven under domestic conditions. Analyses were run that used Interbull values for genotyped bulls only or that used Interbull values for all available sires. Resultant predictions were compared with GEBV of 96 young foreign bulls evaluated abroad and whose proofs were from Interbull method GMACE (August 2013) on the Czech scale. Correlations of predictions with GMACE values of foreign bulls ranged from 0.33 to 0.75. Combining domestic data with Interbull EBVs improved prediction of both EBV and GEBV. Predictions by Animal Model (traditional EBV) using only domestic first lactation records and GMACE values were correlated by only 0.33. Combining the nation-wide domestic database with all available DRP for genotyped and un-genotyped sires from Interbull resulted in an EBV correlation of 0.60, compared with 0.47 when only Interbull data were used. In all cases, GEBVs had higher correlations than traditional EBVs, and the highest correlations were for predictions from the ssGBLUP procedure using combined data (0.75), or with all available DRP from Interbull records only (one-step blending approach, 0.69). The ssGBLUP predictions using the first three domestic lactation records in the TD model were correlated with GMACE predictions by 0.69, 0.64 and 0.61 for milk yield, protein yield and fat yield, respectively.

The breeding value (EBV) of Holstein cattle milk performance from the first lactation was evaluated using a regular Animal Model or by Single-Step Prediction of the genomic breeding value (GEBV). A total of 838 bulls were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip V2. Two overlapping sets of milk performances were evaluated: calving years 1991-2004, with 729 341 lactations and 1 394 487 animals in the pedigree and calving years 1996-2009, with 808 436 lactations and 1 487 608 animals in the pedigree. The older data set included 526 genotyped bulls, in which the daughters' milk performance was known for 210 individuals. All of the genotyped animals were included in the newer data set. Of the young genotyped bulls from the older set, 279 had more than 50 daughters with performance records in the newer set. Genomic relationship matrices (G) were constructed from the allele frequencies of the current genotyped population or by assuming a constant value of 0.5 for all loci. Using current allele frequencies, the correlation of G with the pedigree relationship (A) was 0.74, while it was 0.77 when the constant value was used. G was blended with A with weights of 80 or 99%. The average EBV of the genotyped bulls exceeded the mean EBV of the entire population by 3 SD. Although the number of reference bulls was small, genotyping resulted in an increase of approximately 0.05 in the correlation of the GEBV of young bulls with their results after progeny testing. Only small differences in correlations were found in dependency on the methods used for the determination of G and in dependency on the weight used in blending G with A. Both EBV and GEBV in the older set showed higher correlations with the GEBV of the newer set than the EBV of the newer set.

Sub-indexes were constructed for bulls of the Holstein breed according to groups of production traits - production index for milk (IPH), sub-indexes for reproduction (IRH), longevity (IDH), health resistance (IOH) and fitness (IFH). Every index for selection for a group of traits applies all available information - breeding values for traits of milk performance, fertility and linear type trait classification. The sub-indexes were compared with the total index (SIH). The accuracy of total selection index (SIH) was 69.30%, the accuracies of the other indexes were as follows: IPH 83.32%, IRH 56.04%, IDH 9.80%, IOH 15.57% and IFH 9.86%. All of the indexes were standardised to have the mean 100 and standard deviation 12. Simplified index ZSIH was developed as a sum of IPH, IRH and IDH; its correlation with the total index is r = 0.992. If IPH is used, the values of secondary functional traits decrease. The use of IDH, IOH and IFH results in a decrease in milk performance. Selection differences, i.e. changes in breeding values at various intensities of selection according to some indexes and breeding values for kg of milk and kg of milk proteins, were tested on the basis of breeding values in a sample of the domestic population of bulls. The production index was compared with production indexes used in other countries. Correlations between production indexes were higher than r = 0.790.

Complex selection indexes are proposed for bulls of Holstein cattle in the Czech Republic. Partial breeding values for milk performance, fertility and body conformation are combined in the index. Conformation is expressed either by linear classification or by general characteristics and body measurements. Variants according to the traits included in breeding objective and in performance recording were tested - breeding objective comprised milk, meat, milkability, health, reproduction, longevity; production traits and linear classification of body conformation or production traits and general characteristics of body conformation and/or production traits, and general characteristics of body conformation and body measurements were used as source of information (in performance recording). For practical use is recommended the variant of reduced selection index where milkability, health and meat performance were left out from breeding objective, and production traits and linear classification of body conformation were employed as a source of information. The index guarantees 69.30% reliability of breeding value estimate and the ratio of selection effects for milk, meat and secondary traits 78 : 8 : 14. The respective importance of milk performance in total (breeding values for milk and components) of reproduction and linear body classification as sources of information in the index are 79.61%, 15.52% and 4.86%.

The influence of the inhibition periods and the pH of the water phase on the polymerization rate, and consequently on determined rate orders, was observed by a kinetic study of the inverse emulsion polymerization of the water soluble acrylic monomers: acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) salts. When the concentration of the inhibiting oxygen in emulsion was lowered by evacuation of the dispersion, the polymerization rate increased with decreasing inhibition period while the molecular weight of the resultant polymer decreased. These kinetic data indicate that ineffective decay of the initiator ammonium persulfate during the inhibition period probably occurs and the retardation of the polymerization rate is only the result of the lower concentration of the initiator at the beginning of the polymerization period. In a kinetic study of the inverse emulsion polymerization of AA, the strong influence of the polymerization rate of AA on the pH of the water phase was observed. This behavior is explained by the same reason as in the polymerization of AA in dilute solution, i.e., by repulsion of the negatively charged radicals and monomeric anions at lower pH and the formation of ion pairs on the ends of propagating radicals at higher pH. Because the inhibition period and the pH of the water phase influence the rate of polymerization of water soluble monomers, their values must be maintained constant in the determination of rate orders.

A methodological procedure has been devised to calculate genetic correlations on the basis of breeding values. The procedure takes into account the fact whether breeding values were determined from the bulls performance or from progeny performance, and whether the particular pairs of traits were measured on identical or different animals. Genetic correlations were determined between the traits available from milk recording in the reproduction field - fertility of bulls determined on heifers and cows and fertility of daughters-heifers and daughters-cows; milk yield - milk quantity, fat quantity and content, protein quantity and content, and fat and protein quantity and content, and from meat performance - average live weight at 500 days of age and at slaughter, adjusted net weight gain, net weight gain, average daily gain from birth to 500 days, from 150 to 500 days, from birth to slaughter, yield grade and kidney fat proportion. Genetic correlations were calculated on the basis of correlations between relative breeding values of bulls for the particular commercial traits. Correlations between breeding values were calculated as residual using a GLM (SAS) procedure while the effect of years of bull birth and groups of bull testing were taken into account. To determine the correlations between relative breeding values, data files were used covering 4,006 sires of Czech Pied cattle and 950 sires of Holstein cattle. High values of genetic correlations were estimated between the traits of milk performance - quantities and contents of milk components and between the traits of meat performance - average live weight and average daily gains. Correlations between the groups of commercial traits in the field of reproduction, milk and meat performance have only very low, maximally low positive and negative values. Medium-high values of correlations were determined between some traits of milk and meal performance in Holstein cattle.

Kinetics of the persulfate-initiated inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid sodium and ammonium salt have been investigated. Rate orders with respect to the initiator, the monomers and the emulsifier were determined for all three monomers. Influences of the change of concentration of the individual components of the polymerization system on molecular weight and particle size of the resulting polymers were described. Overall activation energies of polymerizations were determined. Results of the kinetics measurements for the non-ionic acrylamide and the ionic salt of acrylic acid were compared. Dependence of the polymerization rate Rp on the concentration of components in the polymerization system can be expressed for all three mononers by the following equation: Rp = [I]0.5 [M]1.5 [E]0.1. These kinetic data are in good agreement with the supposed mechanism of polymerization. The almost sesquimolecular rate order with respect to the monomer proves to the participation of the monomer on the initiation reaction. This fact also explains the reason of the unusually low polymerization temperature of 40 °C. The persulfate-initiated inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers takes place as a solution polymerization in microparticles.

A new polymerization technique for the synthesis of the high molecular weight hydrophilic polymers was developed. This new method of inverse suspension polymerization is based on the principle of the gradually polymerization of the initiated water solution monomer droplets during their fall through no stirring continuous oil phase which is filled in a long vertical reactor. This technique was used for the preparation of spherical polymeric beads of high molecular weight sodium salt of polyacrylic acid. Polymeric particles were separated, dried and tested as a waterabsorbing material for baby diapers napkins.

Prediction of expected result of selection and its comparison with an actual result serve for organization and making more effective the selection process. In 1995 the Czech Pied cattle represented 55% of cows bred in the Czech Republic. The structure of selection programme and intensity (Tab. I) are similar in the other cattle breeds with dual-purpose production. The total genotype is defined by indicators of milk and meat production and secondary functional characters (Tab. IV). Based on the breeding values of different categories of cattle in studied characters (Tab. III) the breeding value for complex of all traits in the total genotype (Tab. VIII) is estimated. In estimation of total effect the correlations between breeding values (Tabs. V, VI) and reliability of breeding values for partial characters (Tab. VII) are considered. Using breeding values of partial characters in different categories of animals and age structure (Tab. II) an expected partial annual selection result (Tab. IX), which amounts to 96.3 Kc, is determined. In total milk production participates in the total selection result by 92.4%, meat production by 1.6% and 6% by secondary functional characters (Tab. X). Higher effect (Tab. XI) is achieved in simulation of the same selection programme using selection indices and all available information in estimation of the breeding value. The ratio 81% : 20% (Tab. XII) would be used in selection in this case for milk and meat. Economic optimization studies are needed to make the breeding more efficient and for co-ordination of the selection effort into the groups of different characters.

Biologia plantarum, an international journal for experimental botany founded in 1959 by Professor Bohumil Němec. Covers all branches of experimental botany ranging from molecular biology and biotechnology to whole-plant and stand functioning.

The effects of light and mutation-induced chlorophyll deficiency on the content and shoot-to-root ratio of ABA, IAA, and cytokinins were studied in 8-day-old seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutant (xantha). Under illumination, photomorphogenetic responses, namely, stem elongation, plumular look opening, and growth and expansion of the leaves, were similar in the mutant and wild-type green plants. The content and shoot-to-root ratio of the phytohormones depended upon the light conditions during growth. Mutation-induced chlorophyll deficiency did not affect the level and distribution of either the IAA or the cytokinins, but sharply decreased the ABA content.

AbstractThe rate of solution copolymerization of styrene (M1) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (M2) was investigated by dilatometry. N,N‐dimethyl formamide, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, and butyl alcohol were used as solvents. Polymerization was initiated by α,α′‐azobisisobutyronitrile at 60°C. The initial copolymerization rate increased nonlinearly with increasing 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)/styrene ratio. The copolymerization rate was promoted by solvents containing hydroxyl groups. Two different approaches were used for the prediction of copolymerization rates. The relationships proposed for the copolymerization rates calculation involve the effects of the total monomer concentration, mole fraction of HEMA, and of the solvent type. Different reactivity ratios were found in polar and nonpolar solvents: r1 = 0.53, r2 = 0.59 in N,N‐dimethyl formamide, isopropyl alcohol and n‐butyl alcohol; r1 = 0.50, r2 = 1.65 in toluene. The usability of these reactivity ratios was confirmed by batch experiments.

The two-dimensional solution of the direct plate model of the oceanic lithosphere is computed for t 1/2 dependences of its thickness using the multi-grid technique for the bilinear finite elements. If we assume the dependence of the lithospheric thickness on its age in the form h(t)=6·6t 1/2 +7·5, then this model can roughly approximate the measured heat flow. In this model the horizontal conductive term is not negligible, the heat flow depends both on time and on the velocity of the sea-floor spreading which should be taken into account for the handling of heat flow measurements.

The contents and isotopic composition of all noble gases in the fluids from two localities (Karlovy Vary and Františkovy Lázně) in Western Czechoslovakia are given. The data show: (1) atmospheric Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe, which indicates meteoric recharge; (2) excess He, attributed to radiogenic contributions; (3) a small excess of Ne, but the data shed no light on its origin. Even though there is no evidence of any juvenile component in these mineral waters, part of the dissolved He is believed to be of deep (mantle) origin.

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters EditionVolume 22, Issue 5 p. 261-265 Article Solution copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and styrene Jan Lebduška, Jan Lebduška Research Institute for Synthetic Resins and Lacquers, 532 07 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this authorJaromír Šňupárek Jr., Corresponding Author Jaromír Šňupárek Jr. Research Institute for Synthetic Resins and Lacquers, 532 07 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaResearch Institute for Synthetic Resins and Lacquers, 532 07 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this authorVladimír Čermák, Vladimír Čermák Department of Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Technical University, 532 10 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this author Jan Lebduška, Jan Lebduška Research Institute for Synthetic Resins and Lacquers, 532 07 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this authorJaromír Šňupárek Jr., Corresponding Author Jaromír Šňupárek Jr. Research Institute for Synthetic Resins and Lacquers, 532 07 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaResearch Institute for Synthetic Resins and Lacquers, 532 07 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this authorVladimír Čermák, Vladimír Čermák Department of Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Technical University, 532 10 Pardubice, CzechoslovakiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1984 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.130220504Citations: 9AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume22, Issue5May 1984Pages 261-265 RelatedInformation

Electron energy peak shifts and peak shapes were determined in the ionization of H2O, D2O, H2S and SO2 by Ne(3P2) and He(21S, 23S) metastable atoms. The shifts are large, especially in ionization of H2O and D2O into the ionic ground state and are probably mostly due to chemical interaction during the collision.

The electron spectroscopical determination of the primary distribution of vibrational levels of the HCl+ and HBr+ ions in the excited A2Σ+ states, formed in Penning ionization by helium metastables, has shown that the vibrational distribution determined by fluorescence measurement is altered by post-ionization relaxation effects.

Penning ionization by 21S and 23S helium metastables and 3P2 neon metastables of the polyatomic molecules(CN)2, ClCN, CH3CN, HCCCN, NCCCCN, C6H5CN, and CH3SCN have been studied and are surveyed here. The following striking features appear: 1.(1) The cross-section for ionization of the “lone pair” sigma electrons localized on the N atom is very enhanced.2.(2) Corresponding electron energy peaks are relatively sharp—especially in ionization by 3P2 neon atoms in (CN)2, ClCN, and HCCCN, but their broadening increases with increasing dipole moment of the molecules.3.(3) The peaks representing ionization by 21S atoms are smaller and much broader than the 23S peaks. In ionization of atoms, the opposite effect is observed.4.(4) Even if broad, the 23S and 3P2 peaks for ionization of sigma lone pair electrons and probably also π electrons are always symmetrical.5.(5) All peaks are shifted to lower electron energies, to different extents, depending on the molecule.