The past few decades have seen major developments in the design and operation of cryogenic particle detectors. This technology offers an extremely good energy resolution, comparable to semiconductor detectors, and a wide choice of target materials, making low temperature calorimetric detectors ideal for a variety of particle physics applications. Rare event searches have continued to require ever greater exposures, which has driven them to ever larger cryogenic detectors, with the CUORE experiment being the first to reach a tonne-scale, mK-cooled, experimental mass. CUORE, designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, has been operational since 2017 at a temperature of about 10 mK. This result has been attained by the use of an unprecedentedly large cryogenic infrastructure called the CUORE cryostat: conceived, designed and commissioned for this purpose. In this article the main characteristics and features of the cryogenic facility developed for the CUORE experiment are highlighted. A brief introduction of the evolution of the field and of the past cryogenic facilities are given. The motivation behind the design and development of the CUORE cryogenic facility is detailed as are the steps taken toward realization, commissioning, and operation of the CUORE cryostat. The major challenges overcome by the collaboration and the solutions implemented throughout the building of the cryogenic facility will be discussed along with the potential improvements for future facilities. The success of CUORE has opened the door to a new generation of large-scale cryogenic facilities in numerous fields of science. Broader implications of the incredible feat achieved by the CUORE collaboration on the future cryogenic facilities in various fields ranging from neutrino and dark matter experiments to quantum computing will be examined.

The fast cycling superconducting synchrotron SIS100 has to deliver high intensity beams for the FAIR project at GSI, Darmstadt. The main dipoles will ramp with 4 T/s up to a maximum magnetic field of 1.9 T where the field gradient of the main quadrupole will reach 27.77 T/m. The integral magnetic field length of the horizontal/vertical steerer and of the chromaticity sextupole will provide 0.403/0.41 m and 0.383 m respectively. We present the status of the first magnets test results as well as the overall procedure of production and testing of the complete series of the cryomagnetic corrector modules.

The fast ramped superconducting heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 is the core component of the international FAIR project at GSI in Darmstadt. The magnet system of the SIS100 consists of the superconducting dipoles, quadrupoles and corrector magnets assembled in cryogenic modules. In order to maximize the beam intensity the SIS100 main dipoles will operate up to 1.9 T with 4 T/s with a high repetition rate of up to 1 Hz. The various configurations of parallel cooling circuits must be hydraulically adjusted in respect to their dynamic heat load for a wide spread of operation cycles. We present the results of dynamic heat loss measurements for the different types of magnets as well as the procedure of their hydraulic adjustment.

In GSI for SIS100 accelerator about 530 HTS Local Current Leads 250 A must be produced for superconducting corrector magnets. To provide a high voltage electrical insulation, the top warm terminals must be kept at a temperature of 25 degrees C, using screwed cartridge heaters. Known industrial cartridge heaters don't meet insulation specification at 1100 V. All tested temperature regulators on the free market failed during the tests at GSI or/and produced significant electrical noise. With the specifications from GSI we developed and manufactured 8 channel temperature regulators for the SIS100 HTS current leads which were successfully tested and with low noise. GSI and ILK also developed reliable cartridge heater with high voltage insulation and imbedded temperature sensor. Design issues and test data are presented in this paper.

NICA is an international project accelerator collider complex under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. The facility is aimed at providing collider experiments with heavy ions up to gold in the center of mass energy from 4 to 11 GeV/u and an average luminosity up to 1 x 10(27) cm(-2) s(-1) for Au79+. Collision experiments with polarized deuterons and protons are also foreseen. The facility includes two injector chains, a new superconducting booster synchrotron, the existing 6 AGeV superconducting synchrotron Nuclotron, and a new superconducting collider consisting of two rings, each 503 m in circumference. The planned FAIR synchrotron SIS100 has to deliver high-intensity beams for the FAIR project at GSI, Darmstadt. This machine will use fast-cycling 4 T/s magnets with a magnetic field up to 2 T. The NICA booster synchrotron, the NICA collider, and the heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 are based on iron-dominated window frame-type magnets with a hollow superconductor winding analogous to the Nuclotron magnet. Progress in the manufacturing and testing of the NICA magnets and the SIS100 superconducting magnets is presented.

NICA is an international accelerator complex under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. At GSI Darmstadt the planned heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 has to deliver high intensity ion beams for the FAIR project. The NICA booster and collider as well as the FAIR accelerator use superconducting magnets of the Nuclotron type. The magnet design and cryogenic test results presented in this work focus on quench history, static heat leak and dynamic heat releases under pulsed operation mode, cooling down and warming up histories, pressure drop in cooling channels with two-phase helium flow.

The superconducting dipole and quadrupole magnets of SIS100 accelerator are powered by 14 kA HTS current leads. The current leads are manufactured by the M&W Company in Denmark. The accelerator and test facilities will be equipped with 18 pairs of main HTS current leads in total. During quality control at GSI each pair of current leads passed the cryogenic Site Acceptance Test (SAT) at the Serial Test Facility (STF). Such tests include the following: leak measurements, pressure test at 20 bar, 14 kA DC current lead ramps, 13.2 kA cycling at 1 Hz and 17 kA training ramps. Analysis of the test results are presented in this paper.

SIS100-the primary particle accelerator of the FAIR project, utilizes special corrector magnets, which coils are wound with a Nuclotrontype cable with insulated superconducting wires. The wires are connected in series and in this way, the nominal current of the coil can be limited to 200-300 Amperes. Consequently, the current leads and the room temperature power distribution line can be designed with low cross sections. Unfortunately, such a coil design is sensitive to symmetrical quenches as, e.g., induced by beam losses that cannot be detected by a typical balance bridge detector. Therefore, it was decided to work on another quench detection method that considers voltage measurement at the pickup coil directly coupled with the magnet coil. Such a detector is called mutual-inductance-based detector (MID). Two prototypes were built in the last years in order to prove the measurement concept and its reliability. The concept of MID and the design principle of the latest detector prototype followed by an evaluation study that included functionality tests are presented within this paper. The prototype was subjected to tests with superconducting solenoid manufactured with the SIS100 corrector cable. Selected measurement results followed by a detailed explanation of the acquired signals are reported.

The CUORE experiment, a ton-scale cryogenic bolometer array, recently began operation at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The array represents a significant advancement in this technology, and in this work we apply it for the first time to a high-sensitivity search for a lepton-number-violating process: ^{130}Te neutrinoless double-beta decay. Examining a total TeO_{2} exposure of 86.3 kg yr, characterized by an effective energy resolution of (7.7±0.5)  keV FWHM and a background in the region of interest of (0.014±0.002)  counts/(keV kg yr), we find no evidence for neutrinoless double-beta decay. Including systematic uncertainties, we place a lower limit on the decay half-life of T_{1/2}^{0ν}(^{130}Te)>1.3×10^{25}  yr (90% C.L.); the median statistical sensitivity of this search is 7.0×10^{24}  yr. Combining this result with those of two earlier experiments, Cuoricino and CUORE-0, we find T_{1/2}^{0ν}(^{130}Te)>1.5×10^{25}  yr (90% C.L.), which is the most stringent limit to date on this decay. Interpreting this result as a limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass, we find m_{ββ}<(110-520)  meV, where the range reflects the nuclear matrix element estimates employed.

Nuclotron-based ion collider facility (NICA) is an international project-accelerator collider complex under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. The facility is aimed at providing collider experiments with heavy ions up to gold in the center of mass energy from 4 to 11 GeV/u and an average luminosity up to 1·1027 cm−2·s−1 for Au79+. Collision experiments with polarized deuterons and protons are also foreseen. The facility includes two injector chains, a new superconducting booster synchrotron, the existing 6 AGeV superconducting synchrotron Nuclotron, and a new superconducting collider consisting of two rings, each 503 m in circumference. The planned FAIR synchrotron SIS100 has to deliver high intensity beams for the FAIR project at GSI, Darmstadt. This machine will use fast-cycling 4 T/s magnets with a magnetic field up to 2 T. The NICA booster synchrotron, the NICA collider, and the heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 are based on iron-dominated “window frame”—type magnets with a hollow superconductor winding analogous to the Nuclotron magnet. The status on the manufacturing and testing of the NICA magnets and the SIS100 superconducting quadrupole and corrector magnets are discussed.

The superconducting synchrotron SIS100 for the FAIR accelerator project requires 137 superconducting corrector magnets: chromaticity sextupoles, steerers, and multipole correctors. These corrector magnets are distributed along a circumference of 1083.60 m. The coils of the corrector magnets are individually powered and require all together 244 pairs of current leads with the rated current of 250 A dc. To reduce the heat load to the cold mass of the superconducting ring, the current leads will be designed by use of the HTS material with a heat sink at the temperature level of 50-80 K. Modern 2G HTS tapes with low thermal conductivity and high current density enable a compact design of the current leads cooled entirely by the thermal conduction of the copper parts. The first pair of the current leads has been fabricated and successfully tested at the GSI magnet testing facility. The experimental data are in good agreement with the calculated values. The design of the current leads is presented as well as the measured data.

During the last years, temperature monitors from Lake Shore are mostly known in many cryogenic laboratories and organizations. For example the "LS 218" monitor is the main instrument for the FAIR SIS100 magnet prototype testing at the GSI in Darmstadt. The demands for the SIS100 accelerator system include immunity against harsh electromagnetic radiation and low radiation dose for long life time. Usually instrumentation modules for low temperatures regimes are very expensive and require high skill specialists for implementation of calibration curves for temperature sensors.For satellite helium refrigerators the ILK developed reliable instrumentation modules for low temperature measurements with cold multiplexers. Based on these instruments a new temperature monitor has been designed which fulfils the GSI specifications.Beside this, the universal "plug & play" temperature monitor from ILK brings new features like: SD card for reading of calibration curves and recording of data, long time offline battery operation, efficient suppressing of electromagnetic noise and high channel count with optional cold multiplexer.First metrology comparison tests of both LS 218 and monitors of ILK, performed by the GSI, showed a better performance of the ILK design. Specialists at the GSI are testing and evaluating the ILK units for the open market. This new developed ILK temperature monitors, their test results and specifications will be presented and discussed in this paper.

The heavy ion synchrotron SIS100 is the main accelerator of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) project, to be located in Darmstadt, Germany. The ring is formed by 108 cryogenic dipole modules and 83 cryogenic quadrupole doublet modules. These modules consist of various, fast ramped superconducting magnets. i.e. dipoles, quadrupoles and corrector magnets. In order to compensate for thermal shrinkage of piping and misalignment at operating temperature of 4 K various elements such as universal compensation joints are introduced to the mechanical system. Details of developed forces and sources of misalignment are analysed in order to meet the challenging demands on positioning of the cold masses and the cryostat vacuum vessels. The study concentrates on the interaction of the coupled modules.

For the FAIR (Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research) accelerators, various technologies of superconducting magnets have been developed. In total, 613 superconducting magnets are required for the FAIR modularized start version. For the heavy ion synchrotron SIS100, which is the central accelerator under construction, fast ramped, iron dominated superconducting magnets of the Nuclotron type will be used. Due to the high beam intensity operation desired for SIS100, highest precision and reproducibility is requested for the iron yoke of these magnets. For the dipole magnets of SIS100 the series production has already been released. In parallel, the Super-FRS will be built for the generation of radioactive beams and for isotope separation. Huge aperture superconducting dipole magnets and multiplet modules are required for the main separator of the Super-FRS. For testing of the various types of sc magnets, three test facilities at GSI, JINR and CERN have been set-up. We give an overview on the modern design aspects for the different magnet types and their first test results and the preparation of the appropriate test facilities.

In SIS100 accelerator cryostat system the major reduction of the heat load via more than 500 local current leads 250A will be done by use of the HTS materials. Modern 2G HTS tapes provide low thermal conductivity and high current density with heat-sink at the temperature below 70K. For FAIR project at GSI we developed a new heat-sink technique on the base of special epoxy. Cryogenic performance of the local current leads heat-sink was tested at 4K and 60K. Test data and analysis are provided.

The coupling-loss induced quench system (CLIQ) is an innovative method for the protection of high-field superconducting magnets. With respect to the conventional method based on quench heaters, it offers significant advantages in terms of electrical robustness and energy-deposition velocity. Its effective intrawire heating mechanism targets a fast and homogeneous transition to the normal state of the winding pack, hence assuring a quick magnet discharge and avoiding overheating of the coil's hot spot. Furthermore, it is possible to implement CLIQ as a time- and cost-effective repair solution for the protection of existing magnets with broken quench heaters. After being successfully tested on model magnets of different geometries and made of different types of superconductor, CLIQ is now applied for the first time for the protection of a full-scale quadrupole magnet at the CERN magnet test facility. One aperture of a 3.4-m-long LHC matching quadrupole magnet is equipped with dedicated terminals to allow the connection of a CLIQ system. Experimental results convincingly show that CLIQ can protect this coil over the entire range of operating conditions. The complex electrothermal transients during a CLIQ discharge are successfully reproduced by means of a 2-D model. The test is part of the R&D program of CLIQ quench protection systems, which has convincingly demonstrated the maturity of this technology and its effectiveness also for large-scale magnet systems. The proposed CLIQ-based solution for the quench protection of the LHC matching quadrupole magnet is now ready to be implemented in the LHC machine if needed.

Conventional quench protection systems for high-magnetic-field superconducting magnets are based on external heaters composed of resistive strips in close contact with the coil and rely on thermal diffusion across insulation layers on the order of tens of micrometers. The large contact areas between the coil and the heater strips, and the thin insulation between them required for an effective protection constitute a significant risk of electrical breakdown and one of the most common causes of magnet damage. Coupling-loss-induced quench (CLIQ) technology offers a valid option for a time-and cost-effective repair of magnets with failing heater-based protection systems. In fact, its effective heating mechanism utilizing coupling loss, its robust electrical design, and its fast implementation, as compared to alternative repair options, constitute definite advantages over the conventional technology. In the past years, CLIQ was successfully implemented on various coils in a single-magnet configuration. Now the design of a CLIQ-based protection system integrated in a chain of series-connected magnets is presented. The protection of a chain of superconducting magnets usually is considerably more challenging than the protection of stand-alone magnets due to the increased energy stored in the circuit and the presence of transitory effects. The effectiveness of this new method is demonstrated by means of electrothermal simulations modeling the transition to the normal state and the temperature evolution in one quenched magnet, and the electrodynamics of the entire magnet chain.