The rising incidence of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms underscores the urgent need for effective transmission control strategies, preferably using plant-based alternatives. Adherence to hygiene guidelines is essential for lowering contamination and infection rates. However, widespread use of chemical sanitizers worldwide has generated considerable concern, especially during the last 20 years, according to documented evidence. This emphasizes the need for safer substitutes. The study aims to create a natural hand sanitizer using beneficial plant compounds and to evaluate its physical and sensory qualities. Further, the formulation was characterized by phytochemical screening (FTIR, XRD, GC–MS, AAS-MS, and UV–visible spectrophotometry). The antimicrobial potential of the composition was assessed via ABST, MIC, fingerpad testing, Rideal-Walker, and Chick-Martin tests. The analysis of phytopharmacological properties and molecular interaction with bacterial target proteins was determined computationally to validate its efficiency and mechanism. The physicochemical properties of the prototype were found to be within the effective range accepted for sanitizers. The analytical characterization revealed the chemical compounds and functional groups responsible for antimicrobial efficacy, while the assessment of antimicrobial activity validated the effectiveness of the germicidal activity of the prototype. The analysis using ADMETlab 3.0 identified that the prototype did not violate any toxicity rules. The compounds identified in the prototype by GC–MS exhibited compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five. Molecular docking analyzed the interaction between these compounds and target proteins, ClfB and OprF. The study demonstrated the potential of ST03 as an effective alternative to chemical-based sanitizers, with greater safety profile.

Fruit peels are the primary by-product of the food processing industry, and as a waste product, they require significant capital investment to safely decompose and prevent environmental pollution. Research into these wastes may assist the food and pharmaceutical value chain. The peels of orange, pomegranate, banana, and sweet lemon were tested for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The extracts of pomegranate and orange peels exhibited the most robust antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry studies revealed the presence of functional groups such as –C–H aldehydic groups, N–O bonds, C=O ester, C=N functional group, NH group, cyano group and various flavonoids, cyanins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, phenols, terpenes, and saponins bioactive substances. Drug-likeness of compounds was assessed, and all the compounds satisfied the Lipinski rule of five. Computational predictions also indicated that these compounds are likely to be bioavailable and have favorable ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties. Moreover, fruit peels can also be used in food and pharmaceutical industries due to their high bioactive content, and antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics.

Introduction Infectious diseases like neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have seen a rapid surge in recent times, threatening public health. These diseases impose a significant global health burden, affecting individuals, particularly in tropical locations characterized by low-income populations. The comprehensive compilation of NTDs includes an array of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. The prioritization of 20-NTD action plans in 2020 was undertaken by the WHO to acknowledge their importance. Infections such as leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, and human African trypanosomiasis exhibit high rates of mortality. This highlights the pressing need for collaborative initiatives aimed at addressing these diseases and minimizing their detrimental impact on susceptible populations.Areas covered The etiology, types of NTDs, and management strategies, particularly vaccinations are discussed. The limitations of the available vaccines and the scope of development of novel formulations are also covered.Expert opinion The emergence of vaccines for NTDs poses significant challenges, mostly arising from the complex developmental phases of diverse diseases, inadequate resources for research, minimal involvement from the pharmaceutical industry, and the wide spectrum of infections, impeding vaccine development. Advancements in technology have improved vaccine quality, which could lead to the development of personalized vaccines tailored to individual susceptibility to specific NTD pathogens.

Keratin, a versatile bioprotein, has seen a tremendous industrial exploitation due to its outstanding biodegradability and biocompatibility nature. Keratin is primarily derived from substrates such as feathers, nails, horns, beaks, hair and bovine hoofs. The generation of chicken and pigeon feather wastes has risen over the years in Vellore. When it is not discarded properly, this acts as a major root cause for the dissemination of various diseases to humans. The primary aim of this research is to remediate these wastes by extracting the keratin and to prove that beta-mercaptoethanol enhances keratinase activity by in-silico approach for degradation of these wastes. In light of this, the feathers from the dumped sites of Vellore were exploited and the keratin was extracted from country chicken and pigeon feathers which yields a concentration of 3.44 mg/L and 2.8 mg/L of keratin. This extraction procedure is significantly more cost-effective and yields more keratin than earlier approaches. The crystallographic structures of keratin were examined by X-ray diffraction studies. The functional group of the keratin was analyzed by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and confirmed the presence of cysteine-cystine, glutamic acid and tryptophan. The mode of action and degree of effectiveness of keratin were studied using Lipinski's rule of 5. In addition, the Protein Data Bank was used to retrieve the keratinase structure of Meiothermus taiwanensis WR-220, which has the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and Protein Data Bank (PDB) accession ID-5WSL and the enzyme's tertiary structure was studied with the SwissModel tool. Using Autodock, beta-mercaptoethanol was docked with keratinase and enzyme-ligand in-silico interactions prove that ligand enhances the activity of microbial keratinase.

Biopolymers are a great option for biomedical and other applications because of their versatile properties. Although numerous research studies are documented on biopolymer-producing bacterial isolates in the literature, the potential of Enterococcus gallinarum in biopolymer production remains unexplored and presents many opportunities for further investigation. This research mainly focuses on the isolation and characterization of biopolymer-producing bacterial isolates from floral waste samples collected from Vellore and Ujjain, India. Furthermore, in silico docking studies were performed in this study to investigate the binding of ligand-protein interaction for biomedical applications. The utilization of floral waste for biopolymer production is not broadly explored in the literature and therefore is the novelty of this research study. Enterococcus gallinarum produced 36.06 g l−1 of melanin-free exopolysaccharide (EPS) in 120 h at 30 °C in 5

The swift pace of industrialization, urbanization, and burgeoning populations propel the surge in demand for manufactured goods and infrastructure. The wastewater produced during leather processing comprises a cocktail of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants that have the potential to affect the environment. This study focuses on conducting a comparative physico-chemical, analytical, in vitro, and in silico toxicity assessment and monitoring of leather effluent discharged from two different areas, namely, Dewas and Ranipet. The physicochemical analysis of collected effluents revealed higher levels of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, and heavy metals than the permissible limit fixed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The X-ray powder diffraction analysis of both samples identified the existence of crystalline and amorphous phases. The functional composition of compounds was identified through the analysis of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, which revealed the existence of C-H, O–H, N–H, C = O, C=C, and C≡C stretching vibrations. A variety of compound derivatives, including amines, organic acids, organometallic compounds, alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic, and organogermanium, were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. An assessment and monitoring of the phytotoxicity of effluent on the germination of Vigna radiata seeds reveals that (100

BackgroundPropolis is a resinous compound that is obtained from honey bees. It consists of numerous chemical constituents that impart different therapeutic action. The heart is the core of the body and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a burden for the human being. This article emphasizes how propolis is fruitful in the management of various CVDs.Scope and approachThis review focuses on how various constituents of the propolis (such as terpenes, flavonoids, phenolics, etc.) impart cardio protective actions.Key finding and conclusionWith the support of various clinical trials and research outcomes, it was concluded that propolis owns niche cardio protective properties that can be a boon for various cardiac problems (both in preventive and therapeutic action) such as atherosclerosis, excessive angiogenesis, hypertension, and many more.

Disease and death are topics that always interest many scientists. Nanovaccines are unquestionably important techniques for increasing efficiency and combating zoonotic diseases in recent years. However, the greatest challenge is due to persistent infections in animals and rapidly evolving pathogens. The present era is witnessing a rapid rise in the number of contagious diseases and conditions due to the adaptations of pathogenic microbes in all living organisms, including animals. The control of the epidemiology in most zoonotic infectious diseases relies on the utilization of antibiotics, better hygiene to prevent infection, and disease mitigation techniques and vaccinations. Vaccination is the most significant technique for preventing and lowering the prevalence of veterinary contagious diseases. DNA plasmid vaccines are effective against numerous animal infections like avian influenza virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, rabies virus in dogs and cats, canine parvovirus, bovine viral diarrhea, and feline immunodeficiency virus. At present, edible vaccines are available for veterinary use, but acceptance by the population is missing and controversial. To overcome this challenge, veterinary virologists must create awareness about its advantages. Many of these vaccines are used globally to combat several significant animal pathogens. As an enticing alternative approach to more conventional vaccine platforms, nanoparticle-based vaccine platforms, or "nanovaccines" have recently come to light. Polymer-based nanovaccines for veterinary offer sustained antigen payload release, maintain such payloads, and stimulate improved cell and antibody-mediated immune responses, both locally and systemically. Recently discovered molecules, including liposomes, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, virus-like particles, and others, are the foundation of numerous nanovaccine platforms for veterinary use. The cellular and humoral immune systems of animals can be rapidly stimulated by nanovaccines. Veterinary nanovaccines are designed to cross the blood–brain barrier and are simple to administer via various delivery mechanisms, including intravenous, transdermal, and oral. Recent studies have examined the use of pullulan and chitosan for drug and nanovaccines delivery, and these are natural biopolymers screened from agricultural wastes. Rapidly emerging, innovative, and natural mimicking biosystems known as "biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs)" have also been devised and are suitable for a variety of veterinary biomedical applications. Incredible progress has been made by implementing advanced versatile technologies based on chimeric NPs and versatile RNA chaperone functions. Considering the massive benefits of NP-based vaccines, their veterinary applications are indeed very promising. This chapter focuses on the extensive study of the use of different nanovaccines in the veterinary domain, their mode of action, applications, the resultant immune response, regulatory aspects, as well as recent technological advancements.

The leather industry poses a significant threat to environmental sustainability, necessitating a valorisation of natural resource strategies to mitigate its adverse impacts. The present study aimed to isolate the microorganisms from Dewas and Ranipet leather effluent. Based on the screening, VITSN 3 and VITSN 10 were identified as potential biodeteriogens and demonstrated consistent and enhanced hide degradation activity. The morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that both the bacterial isolates are rod-shaped, motile, Gram-negative and identified as Pseudomonas panipatensis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with 100

Hygiene practices are crucial for the production of fermented products, as they affect both product quality and safety. Fermented products, including dairy-based such as kefir, kombucha, and traditional ethnic drinks, rely on beneficial microbes. However, poor cleanliness might introduce dangerous microorganisms, jeopardizing customer health and product stability. This study aims to discuss the key hygiene measures required for safe and high-quality drinkable dairy-based and plant-based fermented product production and to avoid cross-contamination, fermentation vessels, utensils, and storage containers should be cleaned and sterilized regularly. Personal hygiene for workers is also critical, including adequate handwashing, the use of protective equipment, and hygiene protocol training. Another key part of industrial facility management is environmental control and furthermore, adopting Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems allows for the systematic identification and mitigation of production-related risks. Regular microbiological examination of items and surfaces helps to ensure that hygiene methods are effective and that the products fulfill safety requirements. Therefore, strict hygiene measures must be followed when creating fermented drinks to provide safe, high-quality products. Such procedures not only protect consumer health, but also improve product shelf life and sensory properties, increasing consumer trust and satisfaction.

In recent decades, there has been a significant rise in the generation of solid waste from tanneries, primarily attributed to the accelerated pace of industrialization and the expanding economic activities. The conversion of biomass to energy with the production of gelatine from leather waste offers a promising approach to managing waste and utilizing resources sustainably. The leather industry byproducts, specifically raw leather trimmings waste, present an untapped resource for gelatine production. In this study, the optimal conditions for extracting gelatine from leather trimming waste were carried out. The ideal extraction conditions were found to be a temperature of around 80 °C for 4 h, using an acid concentration of 1.32

Plastic, a synthetic polymer widely utilized in contemporary industry, poses significant risks to consumers' health and the environment in many ways, with numerous research approaches demonstrating its detrimental effects on human health. Traditional plastic products generally require 100-1000 years to break down in landfills, contaminating nearby water and air. Considering this, the potential marine luminous bacteria was isolated from Andaman Sea to produce eco-friendly bio-polymers which remain largely unexplored. In this research, an indigenous potential bioluminescent bacterial strain, VITJS9, was isolated from marine fish Gazza minuta near Andaman and the Nicobar Islands. The central composite rotational design approach was used to find the optimal growth medium for the isolated potential strain, VITJS9. The strain exhibited maximum growth and luminescence, with optical density values of 4.98 +/- 0.14 and relative light unit values of 11.84 +/- 0.20. It was identified as Photobacterium leiognathi using 16S metagenomics investigations. MALDI-TOF MS identified the fraction as alkanal monooxygenase, the alpha-chain of luciferase. Lipinski's analysis was used for statistical optimization. The toxicity of heavy metals was evaluated using the isolate. The IC50 values for Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn and Mn after a 15-minute exposure were 1.066, 1.56, 1.91, 3.2 and 5.65 mg L-1 respectively, indicating its potential as a biosensor for heavy metal detection.