Backgrund and aims: Infant nutrition with breast and/ or formula feeding is safe and enables to grow and develop well. According to programming hypothesis, nutrition onwards with general family nutrition may influence later health. Aim was to investigate energy and nutrient intake of 12 to 36 month old children compared to general recommendations. Methods: Austrian Mothers of children selected by chance where interviewed, a 3d-recall recorded[1] and calculated by DGE-PC on basis of BLS data bank. Daily average intake was compared with DACH references of age 1-4 years. Results: In Austria 176 interviews where performed from 79m & 97f children; 167 evaluated. Average age 23,7mo, height 87cm, weight 11,94kg and 15.94 BMI. These consumed 96±33 kcal/d with 0,77±0,19kcal/g energy density. From protein they got 13,9±3,1%E or 3,2±1,1g/kg. Total water intake (food and beverage) was 107±43 ml/kg. Energy from fat was 28,2±6,3%E and 56,5±8,0%E from carbohydrates. With CH 26,9±16,2% Monosacch, 40,9±14,7% Polysacch and total Fibre 10,6±5,1 g/1000kcal were consumed. Ca was 655±290 mg/d and Fe 6,4±2,9mg/d. Some nutrients are critical because of low intake (Vit. D & E, Folic acid, Fe, J) and Na because of extreme high intake. Conclusions: Children consume high energy, extremely high protein, have critical intake of essential nutrients. After safe infant nutrition they acquire disadvantages of family nutrition still in intense development with need of high quality nutrition. Appropriate recommendations & training of responsible persons are necessary for good development and better health in later life.

There is limited information available on the vitamin K intake of lactating mothers, concentration of vitamin K1 in breast milk, and the effect of long-term vitamin K1 supplementation of lactating mothers on the vitamin K1 concentration in breast milk. In a randomized study, we followed 20 mothers who received a daily oral vitamin K1 supplement (average 88 micrograms, supplemented group) and 16 mothers receiving no supplement (control group) from 4 throughout 91 days postpartum. Maternal vitamin K intakes (weighed dietary intake) at 4-6, 25-29 and 87-91 days postpartum ranged between 73 and 1735 micrograms/day. Differences between the groups were statistically not significant. Average intake exceeded the recommended dietary intake for lactating women of 55 micrograms/day by 670%. In the supplemented group, mean breast-milk vitamin K1 concentrations (HPLC) at 5, 26 and 88 days postpartum were 1.73 (SD 0.74), 1.36 (SD 0.81) and 1.67 (SD 2.01) ng/ml, respectively. Corresponding values in the control group were 1.44 (SD 0.57), 1.68 (SD 0.70) and 1.78 (SD 1.05) ng/ml. The latter were not statistically different from values in the supplemented group. Mean daily vitamin K1 intakes of infants breast-fed by supplemented mothers were 0.69 (SD 0.42), 0.93 (SD 0.51) and 1.25 (1.53) micrograms, respectively on days 5, 26 and 88. Corresponding values in the control group were 0.69 (SD 0.30), 1.07 (SD 0.58) and 1.31 (SD 0.95) micrograms and were statistically not different from values in the supplemented group. Average vitamin K1 intakes corresponded to 7-13% of the recommended dietary intake of 10 micrograms/d for infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Haemorrhagic disease in breastfed infants caused by vitamin K deficiency can be prevented by oral or parenteral vitamin K administration. Low vitamin K intake with breastmilk may be responsible for the late onset vitamin K deficiency. Therefore we measured vitamin K intake of 28 healthy term breastfed infants at 6, 28 and 90 days of age in a longitudinal randomized study. 16 mothers received a daily oral vitamin K1 supplement (100ug, Milusan®). Milk intake was evaluated by 24 hour testweighing and vitamin K1 concentration in milk was measured employing the HPLC-technique. Vitamin K, intake was similar in the two groups and no influence of age was detected. (Tab., intake in ug/d). However, vitamin K1 intake of all infants was substantially below the RDI value of 10ug/day. (Am.J.Clin.Nutr;1987;45;687-92). Therefore low vitamin K intake with breastmilk might be responsible for late onset vitamin K deficiency in some infants.

Energy output measurements are an actual problem since the 18th century. Together with the technical development very good solutions for direct calorimetry are available. Vienna Whole Body Calorimeter is a measuring system in which man can live 24 and more hours under defined activity and well known diet. Utilisation of ingested food energy is discussed and unmeasured energy shown during overfeeding. Beside increasing energy content of body mass gaining weight costs 1969 kcal/kg. Comparison of direct and indirect measurement is necessary to define energy need in different catabolic situations.

A gradient-free isothermic whole-body calorimeter for measurement of human heat emission is described. A process computer to detect and process the measured data is also used to monitor the measuring procedure. The measuring range of the calorimeter is selected such that not only the heat emission of a child (30 W) but also that of a working adult (300 W) can be measured. The environment within the measuring chamber can be adjusted between 17 and 35 degrees C as well as between 30 and 90% relative humidity. The response time is less than 15 min.

A new type of whole-body calorimeter was constructed for measuring human energy expenditure in the form of dry heat and evaporative heat. Fresh air at a predetermined temperature flows at a constant rate through the measurement chamber, where its energy content is raised to a predetermined level by the heat given off by the subject through convection, radiation, and evaporation, plus a thermostatically controlled compensatory heater. Thus, a constant temperature is maintained. Heat gradients through conduction are avoided by a special shell construction in which used air flows through an exhaust layer surrounding the measurement chamber, which is in turn surrounded by an independently temperature-controlled isolating air layer. Measurement cells register air temperature and humidity at entrance and exit. The dry, evaporative, and total heat output can thus be calculated from the difference between entrance and exit, the amount of air flown through, and the amount of energy produced by the compensatory heater. The system allows measurements for periods over several days for a range of energy expenditure from 20 to 300 W, within a temperature range from 15° to 40° C and humidity from 10% to 90%. Response time was less than 15 min. In a number of calibration trials, in which both dry and evaporative human heat output were simulated, energy output could be measured over 24-hr periods with a mean error of −0.5% and a standard deviation of ± 1.7%;

In order to test the practicability of 24-hr investigations with the gradient-free Vienna. Whole-Body Calorimeter, energy output was measured over 24-hr periods in 18 human subjects. Heat loss was partitioned into dry and evaporative components. Sixteen female subjects were divided into normal-weight (less than 100% according to the Broca index), overweight (100%–120%), and obese (over 120%) groups. A male with severe hypothyroidism, and a female with no signs of impairment of thyroid function who had weight problems that were suspected to be due to low energy expenditure, were studied separately. Subjects reported that the calorimeter chamber was sufficiently comfortable for at least a 24-hour investigation. Overweight and obese subjects showed both greater total heat output and greater inter-individual variability than the normal weight group. Normal and overweight subjects were on steady levels of food intake that were representative of usual intake. For normal subjects there was a relatively close correspondence between energy intake and output, but not for overweight subjects. Thyroid hormone therapy produced a large increase in energy output in the hypothyroid patient. Energy expenditure was found to be unusually low in the patient with weight problems and was increased by about 50% after thyroid hormone administration.

Während einer 20 Tage dauernden Untersuchungsperiode wurde an einer Unfallstation die Eiweißzufuhr mit einer Normalkost für täglich 30 Patienten untersucht. Das in der Großküche angewandte Ausspeiseprinzip des Tablettsystems erlaubte es, die den einzelnen Patienten zugeteilten Portionen genau auszuwiegen. Aufgrund der Berechnung nach der »kleinen Nährwerttabelle« ergab sich eine mittlere tägliche Eiweißzufuhr von 12,4 kcal % bei einer mittleren täglichen Energiezufuhr von etwa 2100 kcal, mit einem mittleren Materialwert von 20 öS. Die in der Literatur für verschiedene Streßsituationen angegebenen Stickstoffverluste lassen einen weitaus höheren Eiweißbedarf errechnen. Für die Deckung desselben wird die Verwendung von Eiweißpräparaten diskutiert. Die küchentechnische Verarbeitung von Milchpräparaten wurde erprobt. In einem Stationsversuch mit eiweißangereicherten Suppen wurden diese von 46,2 % der Patienten akzeptiert. Der Eiweißanteil an der Gesamtenergiezufuhr konnte allein durch diese Suppen von 12,4 auf 14,54 kcal% bei 4,44 öS Mehrkosten erhöht werden. Die Erhöhung des Eiweißanteils durch Verwendung von Lebensmitteln ist nur mit einem Vielfachen dieses Kostenaufwands möglich.

During a twenty days period, the daily supply of protein with the normal diet was investigated for thirty patients of an emergency station. The system of food distribution allowed precise weighing of each patient's portion. According to the calculation by the "kleine Nährwerttabelle" an average daily protein allowance of 12.4 kcal% at an average daily energy allowance of 2100 kcal with an average worth of material of 20 öS was found. The nitrogen loss accounted in the literature for different stress situations enables to calculate a far higher protein need. The use of protein preparations is discussed for satisfying the need. The possibility to use milk-protein for food preparations was tested. In a trial was found that 46.2% of the patients accepted the given protein-enriched soup. Thus the share of protein in total daily calories should be lifted from 12.4 kcal% to 14.6 kcal% spending only 4.44 öS more than before. Elevating the protein portion with normal food is possible only by spending multiple costs.