This research is focused on utilizing an Allium sativum (garlic stalk) fiber with silane treatment and studying its influence on the tribological behavior of biomass-based brake pads. Five compositions were made from 0 to 10 wt.

Allium sativum fiber has a high cellulose content of 69.82% and a low density of 1.32 g/cc. In the present study, various chemical treatments, namely, alkaline, benzoylation, and acetylation were carried out to enhance its properties. The effect of chemical treatments on the fiber and its effect on various properties of the brake pad is studied. Allium sativum raw fiber (ASRaw), alkaline-treated (ASa), benzoylation-treated (ASb), and acetylation treated-fibers (ASac) were reinforced for about 8 wt.% in the brake pads that were manufactured using compression molding and named as AS1, AS2, AS3, and AS4, respectively. The thermal degradation of the fiber is evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and is observed the thermal stability from 340°C to 359°C, 360°C, and 378°C, respectively. From X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was found that acetylation-treated fiber had shown a crystallinity index (CI) of 35.86% with a tensile strength of 723.28 ± 2.7 MPa. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the organic substance behavior and surface morphology. The physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the brake pads were carried out as per industrial standards.

Copper-based sintered friction materials are most suitable for heavy-duty off-road vehicles, trains, aircraft, and military applications. This present study aims to investigate the tribological performance, dominating wear mechanism of an existing copper-tin sintered friction material that is being used in armoured fighting vehicle. The brake pad was tested as per IS 2742 using the chase test machine. Especially fade cycle was carried out till 441℃ to analyze the frictional response of the material. Physical, mechanical, and tribological properties were evaluated as per industrial standards. Morphological analysis was carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy, and wear debris analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The dominating wear mechanisms were found to be delamination and abrasive wear. The investigated results showed a less wear rate of 0.05 cm3/MJ. However, results seem to be better for high-energy applications by exhibiting excellent mechanical properties.

In the original publication of the article, Fig. 7 has been wrongly overwritten with Fig. 8.

The brake friction material has seen a vast development in the last decades. These developments were mainly to increase the brake effectiveness and reduce the environmental pollution caused by hazardous materials in the brake pad. Since the brake pad formulation is an art rather than science, hence it is necessary to understand the types of brake friction material formulations and the effect of various materials that need to be used in the formulation. This review is an attempt to gather the lagging knowledge on basic types of brake pad formulation to provide a basic understanding over them and to knowledge the young researchers about the effect of various ingredients used in the dry friction brake pads. The first part of this review article provides the basics of brake pads and an overview of different types of brake pads formulation and the second part provides the overview of the impact of various ingredients on Tribological properties.