Introduction Smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption are considered the single most important cause of preventable morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Within EUREST-RISE, an integrated series of research studies are proposed that will facilitate the training of researchers to examine tobacco product systems, their mechanisms and purpose, and interactions between key design characteristics and their assessment in populations of users. Material and Methods EUREST-RISE is a Marie Sklodowska Curie Action (MSCA under Grant Agreement (Number:101008139) currently in its first phase of implementation. Interdisciplinary knowledge transfer will be reached through the intersectoral secondment of researchers and their re-integration to their home institution, within the context of specific research objectives addressed within tasks of each WP. Results The expected results of EUREST-RISE aim to create a cohort of scholars with cutting-edge hands-on training on European tobacco product regulatory science by providing a unique framework of exchange on common research and innovation projects within three areas: A) knowledge exchange on the use of large data bases on responding to tobacco control challenges from the product level or the population level perspective including EU Common Entry Gate product-level data and European secondary population-based datasets B) provide training and research on the implementation of sensory and chemical analyses for the assessment of flavours in tobacco products, heated tobacco and e-cigarettes C) train researchers in advocacy activities and policy integration, facilitate training in peer to peer communication, and training on communication to media and the general public. Conclusions The EUREST-RISE project is expected to establish a network of excellence on European tobacco product regulatory science.

Abstract Aim and objective The world's leading contributor to avoidable illness and premature death is thought to be smoking and other tobacco use. An integrated set of research projects are suggested as part of EUREST-RISE to aid in the training of researchers in the analysis of tobacco product systems, their processes and functions, and the relationships between important design elements and their evaluation in user populations. Methods Currently in its first phase of execution, EUREST-RISE is a Marie Sklodowska Curie Action (MSCA) funded under Grant Agreement (Number:101008139). In the framework of particular research objectives addressed within tasks of each WP, interdisciplinary knowledge transfer will be achieved through the intersectoral secondment of researchers and their reintegration to their home institution. Results By offering a special framework for collaboration on joint research and innovation projects in three areas, EUREST-RISE expects to achieve its goal of developing a cohort of scholars with cutting-edge practical training in European tobacco product regulatory science. A) Exchange of information about the use of big data bases to address tobacco control concerns from a product-level or population-level viewpoint, including EU Common Entry Gate product-level data and European secondary population-based databases B) offer research and training on the application of sensory and chemical analyses for the evaluation of flavors in heated tobacco products, e-cigarettes, and tobacco products C) train researchers in advocacy activities and policy integration, facilitate training in peer to peer communication, and training on communication to media and the general public. Conclusions A network of excellence in European tobacco product regulation science is anticipated to be created via the EUREST-RISE initiative. Key messages • Conflicts of Interest: None. • Funding: The EUREST-RISE Project takes place with the financial support of the European Union, under a Grant Agreement (Number:101008139, PI: Dr Vardavas).

Population Medicine considers the following types of articles:• Research Papers -reports of data from original research or secondary dataset analyses.• Review Papers -comprehensive, authoritative, reviews within the journal's scope.These include both systematic reviews and narrative reviews.• Short Reports -brief reports of data from original research.• Policy Case Studies -brief articles on policy development at a regional or national level.• Study Protocols -articles describing a research protocol of a study.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.

reports of data from original research.• Policy Case Studies -brief articles on policy development at a regional or national level.• Study Protocols -Articles describing a research protocol of a study.• Methodology Papers -Papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.• Tobacco Industry Monitoring Letters -brief articles on tobacco industry tactics.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ARTICLES ASAPPREVViewpointNEXTRethinking Subthreshold Effects in Regulatory Chemical Risk AssessmentsEvgenios Agathokleous*Evgenios AgathokleousCollaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu ChinaResearch Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu China*Email: [email protected]More by Evgenios AgathokleousView Biographyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0058-4857, Damià BarcelóDamià BarcelóInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC; Barcelona 08034, SpainCatalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA-CERCA; Girona 17003, SpainMore by Damià Barcelóhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8873-0491, Michael AschnerMichael AschnerDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, New York 10461, United StatesMore by Michael Aschnerhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2619-1656, Ricardo Antunes AzevedoRicardo Antunes AzevedoDepartamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP); São Paulo CEP 13418-900, BrazilMore by Ricardo Antunes Azevedo, Prosun BhattacharyaProsun BhattacharyaKTH-international Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm SE-100 44, SwedenMore by Prosun Bhattacharyahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-9950, David CostantiniDavid CostantiniUnité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), UMR 7221 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle; CNRS, 7 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, FranceMore by David Costantinihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8140-8790, G. Christopher CutlerG. Christopher CutlerDepartment of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Campus, Dalhousie University; Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, CanadaMore by G. Christopher Cutler, Alessandra De MarcoAlessandra De MarcoENEA, CR Casaccia, SSPT-PVS; Rome 00123, ItalyMore by Alessandra De Marcohttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-2257, Anca Oana DoceaAnca Oana DoceaDepartment of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova; Craiova 200349, RomaniaMore by Anca Oana Docea, José G. DóreaJosé G. DóreaFaculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília; Brasília 70919-970, BrazilMore by José G. Dórea, Stephen O. DukeStephen O. DukeNational Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi; Mississippi 38677, United StatesMore by Stephen O. Dukehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7210-5168, Thomas EfferthThomas EfferthJohannes Gutenberg University, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology; Mainz 55128, GermanyMore by Thomas Efferth, Despo Fatta-KassinosDespo Fatta-KassinosDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus; P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, CyprusMore by Despo Fatta-Kassinos, Vasileios FotopoulosVasileios FotopoulosDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology; Lemesos 3603, CyprusMore by Vasileios Fotopouloshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-2070, Antonio GinebredaAntonio GinebredaEnvironmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, SpainMore by Antonio Ginebreda, Raul Narciso C. GuedesRaul Narciso C. GuedesDepartamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa;Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, BrazilMore by Raul Narciso C. Guedes, A. Wallace HayesA. Wallace HayesCenter for Environmental/Occupational Risk Analysis & Management, University of South Florida, College of Public Health; Tampa, Florida 33612, United StatesMichigan State University; East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United StatesMore by A. Wallace Hayes, Ivo IavicoliIvo IavicoliDepartment of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II; Naples 80131, ItalyMore by Ivo Iavicolihttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0444-3792, Olga-Ioanna KalantziOlga-Ioanna KalantziDepartment of Environment, University of the Aegean; Mytilene 81100, GreeceMore by Olga-Ioanna Kalantzihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-212X, Takayoshi KoikeTakayoshi KoikeResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University; Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, JapanMore by Takayoshi Koike, Demetrios KouretasDemetrios KouretasDepartment of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, GreeceMore by Demetrios Kouretas, Manish KumarManish KumarSchool of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies; Dehradun 248007, IndiaMore by Manish Kumar, José E. ManautouJosé E. ManautouPharmaceutical Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United StatesMore by José E. Manautou, Michael N. MooreMichael N. MooreEuropean Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital; Truro TR1 3HD, U.K.Plymouth Marine Laboratory; Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, U.K.School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth; Plymouth PL 4 8AA, U.K.More by Michael N. Moore, Elena PaolettiElena PaolettiInstitute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council; Sesto Fiorentino 50019, ItalyMore by Elena Paoletti, Josep PeñuelasJosep PeñuelasCSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB; Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, SpainCREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia 08193, SpainMore by Josep Peñuelas, Yolanda PicóYolanda PicóEnvironmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), Universitat de València-CSIC-GV; Valencia 46113, SpainMore by Yolanda Picóhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-0965, Russel J. ReiterRussel J. 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Technol. 2022, XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXXPublication Date (Web):July 25, 2022Publication History Received24 April 2022Published online25 July 2022https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02896© 2022 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views610Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. 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Pathophysiology, epidemiology and genetics data support the causal role of Lipoprotein a, Lp(a), in cardiovascular disease, and in aortic valve calcification and stenosis. Increased levels of Lp(a) are the most prominent single gene lipid disorder worldwide since 1.4 billion people present Lp(a) values >30 mg/dL. Lp(a) associated risk becomes crucial in light of the emerging treatments currently underway for an effective reduction of its levels.

A significant number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, with the target lipid levels, as set by the guidelines, achieved, continue to remain at risk. In this setting, lipoprotein (Lp) a role in CVD prognosis is regaining interest. Although Lp(a) is related to the arteriosclerotic process, there is not currently an adequate amount of data for the inclusion of Lp(a) levels as a primary therapeutic target in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. In this framework, the current retrospective study aims to investigate the association of Lp(a) levels with the adverse cardiovascular (CV) events presented in a 10 year follow-up of CVD patients with dyslipidemia and its association with the major CV risk factors. A statistically significant reduction in Lp(a) levels was observed during the follow-up period (72.8±45.6 vs. 68.3±41.8 mg/dl; McNemar test; P<0.001). The vast majority of patients who suffered a new acute myocardial infarction during the follow up period had Lp(a) levels >30 mg/dl (24/28 patients, mean ± standard deviation Lp(a), 83.1±36.6 mg/dl, P=0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis did not find statistically significant differences in a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) time occurrence during the follow-up period between patients with low (≤30 mg/dl) and high (>30 mg/dl) Lp(a) levels (log-rank P=0.305). On the other hand, when a second and third PCI conducted during the monitoring period were included in the Kaplan Meier analysis as events, the mean time for a PCI was significantly shorter (7.2%; P=0.01) for patients with Lp(a) levels >30 mg/dl. In conclusion, the current study reported that patients with high Lp(a) values are more prone to the occurrence of new myocardial infarction, while the Lp(a) cut-off value of 30 mg/dl was linked in CVD patients to an earlier need for PCI, especially in the most vulnerable group of patients with more than one (recurrent) revascularizations.

reports of data from original research.• Policy Case Studies -brief articles on policy development at a regional or national level.• Study Protocols -Articles describing a research protocol of a study.• Methodology Papers -Papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.• Tobacco Industry Monitoring Letters -brief articles on tobacco industry tactics.

1. Ahmed R, Oldstone MB, Palese P. Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic. Nat Immunol. 2007;8(11):1188-1193. doi:10.1038/ni1530 Google Scholar

The devastating complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) result from an individual's dysfunctional immune response following the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Multiple toxic stressors and behaviors contribute to underlying immune system dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 exploits the dysfunctional immune system to trigger a chain of events ultimately leading to COVID-19. We have previously identified many contributing factors (CFs) (representing toxic exposure, lifestyle factors and psychosocial stressors) common to myriad chronic diseases. We hypothesized significant overlap between CFs associated with COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), because of the strong role immune dysfunction plays in each disease. A streamlined dot-product approach was used to identify potential CFs to COVID-19 and IBD. Of the fifty CFs to COVID-19 that were validated for demonstration purposes, approximately half had direct impact on COVID-19 (the CF and COVID-19 were mentioned in the same record; i.e., CF---→COVID-19), and the other half had indirect impact. The nascent character of the COVID-19 core literature (∼ one year old) did not allow sufficient time for the direct impacts of many CFs on COVID-19 to be identified. Therefore, an immune system dysfunction (ID) literature directly related to the COVID-19 core literature was used to augment the COVID-19 core literature and provide the remaining CFs that impacted COVID-19 indirectly (i.e., CF---→immune system dysfunction---→COVID-19). Approximately 13000 potential CFs for myriad diseases (obtained from government and university toxic substance lists) served as the starting point for the dot-product identification process. These phrases were intersected (dot-product) with phrases extracted from a PubMed-derived IBD core literature, a nascent COVID-19 core literature, and the COVID-19-related immune system dysfunction (ID) core literature to identify common ID/COVID-19 and IBD CFs. Approximately 3000 potential CFs common to both ID and IBD, almost 2300 potential CFs common to ID and COVID-19, and over 1900 potential CFs common to IBD and COVID-19 were identified. As proof of concept, we validated fifty of these ∼3000 overlapping ID/IBD candidate CFs with biologic plausibility. We further validated 24 of the fifty as common CFs in the IBD and nascent COVID-19 core literatures. This significant finding demonstrated that the CFs indirectly related to COVID-19 -- identified with use of the immune system dysfunction literature -- are strong candidates to emerge eventually as CFs directly related to COVID-19. As discussed in the main text, many more CFs common to all these core literatures could be identified and validated. ID and IBD share many common risk/contributing factors, including behaviors and toxic exposures that impair immune function. A key component to immune system health is removal of those factors that contribute to immune system dysfunction in the first place. This requires a paradigm shift from traditional Western medicine, which often focuses on treatment, rather than prevention.

We are proud to announce the creation of the new journal Public Health and Toxicology. Public Health and Toxicology is a new double-blind peer-reviewed, open access, online journal that welcomes integrated epidemiological, clinical, animal and cellular biological research to provide the scientific foundation in support of hazard identification and risk assessment today. Here at Public Health and Toxicology, we focus on publishing innovative international peer-reviewed research on all aspects of toxicology that can affect directly and indirectly the public from exposure to chemical and/or biological agents (environmental toxicology) and actions to protect public health and the environment through subsequent recommendations to reduce any resulting health effects (regulatory toxicology), including populationbased research and the evaluation of environmental risk throughout the lifespan including prenatal and postnatal development, childhood, adulthood and high-risk groups, and the impact on biological systems and the causes underlying the variability in susceptibility of people to exposures. Most importantly, Public Health and Toxicology is also highly interested in the recent real life risk simulation (RLRS) concept that plays a key role in chronic exposure paradigms. Public Health and Toxicology is published by European Publishing, an Open Access publishing firm supported by the European Union Regional Development Fund, Smart Specialization strategy (RIS3) and based within the Science and Technology Park of Crete, Greece. The journal adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best-Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors, and the ICMJE’s Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. Due to recent public health emergencies, the journal also welcomes research on public health emergency preparedness related to environmental accidents and epidemics, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including natural and man-made disasters, that assesses this exposure and outcome associations, from a public health toxicology perspective. The need to enhance and further develop methods and approaches for evaluating toxicology issues cannot be overstated. Therefore, we welcome relevant manuscripts to Public Health and Toxicology that broaden these views and further enhance the discipline of Public Health and Toxicologgy.

The present work assessed the effect of copper (Cu) on cell dynamics and structure of the microalga Porphyridium purpureum (Rhodophyta, Bangiophycidae). Ultrastructure of the microalga was investigated and fluorescence of chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin, and content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were estimated by flow cytometry. The number of cells did not show statistically significant differences at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/L of Cu compared to the control, whereas 150 μg/L of Cu inhibited population growth. The fluorescence of chlorophyll a increased following exposure to Cu 100 μg/L and fluorescence of phycoerythrin enhanced by Cu 150 μg/L. There was no alteration in the above indicators at other concentrations. The content of ROS increased with increasing Cu concentration in a dose-dependent manner. The population size structure was also changed by Cu as the number of cells sized 4–6 μm was increased in the presence of Cu, especially with Cu 150 μg/L. Changes in the topography of thylakoids grew larger with Cu concentration.

Tobacco smoking remains one of the most significant challenges to public health. Tobacco products are meticulously designed nicotine delivery devices, that over the past years have developed and adopted many new technologies, design features, and additives. Within this chapter we cover some of the main issues surrounding tobacco toxicity, tobacco flavors, and the regulatory framework of tobacco products in Europe.