This study examines social efficiency as a key analytical category for evaluating contemporary social systems and public policies. Given the limitations of traditional economic-only approaches, the research systematizes theoretical perspectives and proposes an interdisciplinary integrative model for assessment. This model links objectives, resources, processes, and long-term impacts within a unified framework. Key findings highlight the necessity of integrated evaluation systems, improved institutional coordination, and innovative digital tools. The results offer practical implications for both academic research and public governance, fostering sustainable and effective social policies.

Institutional resilience in public research institutions depends not only on organisational capacity but also on transparent governance, legal accountability, procedural safeguards, and effective protection of individual rights. This chapter examines the relationship between academic autonomy, institutional resilience, mandate security, and effective judicial protection through a case study concerning the early termination of an elected mandate within a public research institution. The analysis explores whether institutional autonomy may justify excluding internal governance decisions from judicial scrutiny when such decisions directly affect an individual’s legal and professional status. Particular attention is given to legal certainty, procedural fairness, institutional accountability, and the principles of effective judicial protection under Article 19(1) TEU and Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The chapter argues that academic autonomy should safeguard independent institutional decision-making without creating immunity from legal accountability. It proposes a governance framework linking institutional resilience with mandate security, transparency, procedural safeguards, accountability, and access to effective judicial remedies. The study contributes to the broader discussion on resilient public governance by demonstrating that sustainable institutional transformation requires an appropriate balance between organisational autonomy, accountability, and the protection of individual rights.

The high level of physical and neuropsychic stress, characteristic of modern sports, associated with a significant volume and intensity of training and competitive loads, activates metabolism in the body, and stimulates energy production processes, which determines the increased need for essential nutrients and energy. The nutrition strategy for athletes is based on the general principles of balanced nutrition, but there are also specific tasks. They consist of increasing performance, delaying the onset of fatigue, and accelerating recovery processes after physical exertion. Without knowledge of the energy requirements of physical activity, the role of the main energy substrates, and an understanding of the substrates that limit muscle activity, it is impossible to justify the basic nutritional recommendations for a particular sport.

Social security protects the vital interests of society, the individual, and the family from external and internal threats. This is of particular interest from a scientific research point of view. All the main elements of the social system, which ensure the level and quality of life of the population and are regulated by social and national policy, have been studied. The criteria with the help of which the state and level of social security can be studied have been analyzed. The need to develop strategic plans for the development of agriculture for each country has been proven, which is based on the understanding that there are no "universal" solutions for each country.

Sustainable rural development is becoming more closely associated with the support to start activities aimed at developing social enterprises. Through social entrepreneurship opportunities are sought to promote diversification of rural economy by increasing the number of microenterprises, creating new and retaining existing jobs, expanding and improving social services in these areas. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of entrepreneurial skills on the start of social entrepreneurial initiatives in rural areas. To achieve that the opinion and attitudes of representatives of various structures in public and private sectors occupying expert and managerial positions are studied. The assessment is based on analyzed empirical data obtained from the survey, including measuring the opinions using a scale from 1 to 5. The results show that entrepreneurial skills play a significant role and are a key factor to the development of social entrepreneurial intentions and initiatives in rural areas. The highest rated (averages ranging from 4.58 to 4.67) are communication skills, expression of initiative, ability to work in a team and managerial abilities and skills.

The present study aims to clarify and explore the needs regarding the understanding of the essence of social entrepreneurship in Bulgaria, as well as to attempt to analyze the relationship: education, business environment, social environment. We can already define at the beginning that social entrepreneurship is an unknown area for young people, and they essentially do not put any meaning in this concept. Establishing a deficit of such knowledge in young people leads to a search for an opportunity to be familiar with social entrepreneurship. The more essential problem is their preparation for carrying out similar social activities in this direction. All this is related to the development of new models for career development and the realization of a good professional and life perspective. The problems are clear from the outset, as they relate to low awareness, educational deficits, and lack of receptivity. This further complicates the tasks and creates additional obstacles.

The demographic processes that have been taking place in the last few decades are of interest both from a scientific and practical point of view in the formation of national policy in this direction. The observed negative trends are characteristic of almost all regions of Bulgaria and give rise to a number of alarming trends. The formation of several main centers and peripheries is almost characteristic of the entire country. The labor force is in particular shortage in some of the regions, and research shows large disparities and a number of deficits. The present study focuses on two specific regions that have different economic characteristics. An attempt is made to analyze the current situation and search for possible solutions to overcome the crisis that has arisen.

Preparation and educational standards in the various stages of the educational process are undergoing development. Public development and the ongoing social transformations in societies require a rethinking of the main educational paradigms, technologies and tools At this stage, the main form of implementing the educational process in Bulgaria (as well as in most countries) is the classroom-based form of training. The lesson is the main organizational form for this realization and represents a unity between the activity of the teacher and that of the students in the individual classes, where a specific topic from the curriculum (program) is developed for a specific learning time. The lesson is a logically complete element of the educational process. It shows the complex interaction between the goal, content, methods and means of education. Labor markets place ever higher and more diverse demands on the workforce, which must be prepared for successful implementation in the primary labor market. In the modern school, different in nature and nature innovative approaches are being sought to improve the class-lesson format. These are: interactive lessons, using virtual reality technology, using AI in education, blended learning, 3D printing, use the design thinking process, project-based learning, inquiry-based learning, puzzle, cloud computing learning, flipped classroom, peer learning, peer feedback, crossover teaching, personalized learning, and more. All this gives certain results, but cannot meet the entire set of requirements that appear so quickly due to the particular dynamism of the processes. Various results of research, studies and analyzes give a clear picture of insufficient preparation of all countries involved in this process. If in the preparatory and initial course of study from the first to the fourth grade the changes that are made give sufficiently good results, then in the subsequent stages they are rather unsatisfactory. Changes in this process should be made after a thorough and in-depth analysis, because the results are available at a later stage. The middle course of study from the fifth to the seventh grade, as well as the upper course of study - from the eighth to the twelfth grade, need changes that the class-lesson form cannot provide, and even its improvement will not be able to cover the new requirements that have arisen. The long-known technology of social programming is a good opportunity that will allow the changes to be effective in a short enough time.

We live in dynamic times, with increasing social problems. Social entrepreneurship is a mechanism that could successfully solve some of the problems accompanying society. Perspectives and opinions on social entrepreneurship are sometimes opposed. A set of factors and different understandings make them so – some are positive, others extremely negative. The topic of the emergence, development, and various substantive features of social entrepreneurship is considered to gain an adequate idea of the essential characteristics of this “phenomenon”. The ambition is to create a clear perspective to point out directions in which involvement in social entrepreneurial initiatives will be effective and efficient. The interweaving of economic theories in socially entrepreneurial and purely entrepreneurial initiatives is inevitable. There are differences between “business entrepreneurship” and “social entrepreneurship” and they are in a substantive aspect, but mostly in a result-oriented direction. Entrepreneurship is defined as the process by which motivated individuals recognize and exploit business opportunities regardless of the resources available to them. Social entrepreneurship is a form of entrepreneurial activity that has an orientation towards social problems. Ambiguities still exist regarding the definition of social entrepreneurship, which is why it is considered easier to describe than to define.